光散射技术在4.5%高效氯氰菊酯水乳剂物理稳定性研究中的应用

证明了将光散射技术用于评价水乳剂稳定性的可行性。通过4.5%高效氯氰菊酯水乳剂配方的研制,证明了来自Turbiscan Lab分散稳定性分析仪的稳定性参数(SI)可以作为水乳剂稳定性判定的量化指标,其结果与传统的热贮稳定性和冻融稳定性试验结果一致,SI<4.0的4.5%高效氯氰菊酯水乳体系具有稳定性。此外,正交试验结果表明,乳化剂配比对体系的稳定性影响最大,水质和共乳化剂用量的影响相对较小且差异不显著。选定乳化剂配比后,水质和共乳化剂对体系物理稳定性的影响是协同作用的结果,水质可以在较宽的范围内选择,因而可用自来水配制合格的4.5%高效氯氰菊酯水乳剂。     

Effects of shading and NO3:NH4 ratio on the yield,quality and N metabolism in strawberry

The effect of 50% shading and NO₃:NH₄ ratio (0:100, 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75) in the nutrient solution on growth, yield, quality and N metabolism in hydroponically grown strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa var Camarosa) was evaluated. Both fresh and dry weights of leaves were significantly lower when a high concentration of either NO₃ (100%) or NH₄ (75%) was the sole N source in the nutrient solution. In unshaded plants, increasing of both NH₄ and NO₃ ratio in the nutrient solution reduced photosynthetic (Pn) rate, however in shaded plants the reduction of Pn became more pronounced at a higher ratio of NH₄ in the nutrient solution. The yield in terms of fresh and dry weight of fruit per plant was significantly increased at the 75:25 and 50:50 (NO₃:NH₄) treatments. Fruit size was significantly affected by the treatments, so that the biggest fruits in both shaded and unshaded plants were obtained under the 75:25 and 50:50 (NO₃:NH₄) treatments. Total soluble solid (TSS) in unshaded plants was increased with increasing NH₄ ratio in the nutrient solution, however in shaded plants it was reduced at high NH₄ ratio in the nutrient solution. In both shaded and unshaded plants, higher concentration of NH₄ significantly reduced the post-harvest life of the fruits. The increase of tissue N concentration was nearly proportional to the NH₄ concentration in the nutrient solution. The activity of nitrate reductase (NR) was increased by increasing NH₄ from 0 to 50% and then reduced at a higher ratio of NH₄ in the solution. Shading increased NH₄ concentration so that the shaded plant had nearly twice as high NH₄ concentration in the leaves. The increase of NH₄ concentration induced by shading could be partially the reduction of NH₄ assimilate because of the shortage of carbohydrate.     

两种穗型冬小麦品种旗叶光合特性和水分利用对光强的响应

以超高产小麦兰考矮早八和豫麦49为材料,研究了开花期旗叶光合与水分利用对光强的响应。结果表明:开花期,随着光强的增加,旗叶光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Cond)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用率(WUE)均表现不同程度增大,超过一定的光强后反而下降;但胞间CO2浓度(Ci)随光强的增加而降低。与豫麦49相比,兰考矮早八在较高光强下旗叶仍表现出较高的光合特性与水分利用。     

鹰嘴豆的组织解剖结构研究

[目的]研究鹰嘴豆的组织结构。[方法]通过植物制片方法,对鹰嘴豆的根、茎、叶和种子等器官进行切片,制作成永久装片。[结果]鹰嘴豆根为四原型构造;茎中韧皮纤维和髓部发达;根、茎中以网纹导管居多,也有螺纹和孔纹导管;叶中栅栏细胞组织1-2层,海绵组织细胞3～5层;种皮表皮细胞1列,栅状,上端有1条光辉带,子叶细胞中有不定形的草酸钙结晶。[结论]首次报道了鹰嘴豆的组织解剖结构,可为鹰嘴豆的进一步研究提供科学资料,其组织结构特征可作为鹰嘴豆生药鉴定的重要依据。     

壶瓶碎米荠种子的萌发特性研究

[目的]探讨壶瓶碎米荠（Cardamine hupingshanensis）种子的萌发特性,为其引种和栽培提供指导。[方法]调查壶瓶山国家自然保护区内壶瓶碎米荠的生态环境,并在不同的光照、温度、pH值和储藏条件下,对种子的发芽率进行测定。[结果]在壶瓶山一带的自然分布区内,壶瓶碎米荠种子无休眠现象,种子能自然萌发成苗,其萌发特性完全适应了自然分布区内稳定的低温溪流环境。温度在15～25℃时,壶瓶碎米荠种子发芽率较高;超过25℃,种子发芽率和萌发速度迅速降低。壶瓶碎米荠种子萌发对pH值条件要求不严格。光照对种子萌发也有影响,但不是决定条件。自然通风条件下,壶瓶碎米荠种子寿命约为80 d。[结论]人工育苗时,应该考虑温度和光照因素,萌发过程温度不宜超过25℃,种子保存需低温干燥。     

接种方式与光照对小麦幼胚愈伤组织再分化的影响

研究不同接种方式和光照条件对小麦“小堰22”和“豫麦49”幼胚培养愈伤组织再分化的影响。结果表明,不同接种方式对小麦幼胚愈伤组织再分化特性有显著影响,胚芽朝上立放的接种幼胚其愈伤组织再分化率最高,胚芽朝下立放的接种幼胚其愈伤组织再分化率最低;光照对幼胚愈伤组织再分化特性的影响显著,暗培养条件下诱导的愈伤组织再分化效率高于强光和散光条件下诱导的愈伤组织再分化效率。提出在相同条件下,选择小麦幼胚胚芽朝上立放的接种方式,进行幼胚暗培养诱导愈伤组织,强光照诱导幼胚愈伤组织再分化的、高效的小麦离体幼胚培养技术体系。     

Cation exchange capacity of density fractions from paired conifer/grassland soils

The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of a soil depends on the type and amount of both mineral and organic surfaces. Previous studies that have sought to determine the relative contribution of organic matter to total soil CEC have not addressed differences in soil organic matter (SOM) composition that could lead to differences in CEC. The objectives of this study were (1) to compare the CEC of two distinct SOM pools, the “light fraction (LF)” composed of particulate plant, animal, and microbial debris, and the “heavy fraction (HF)” composed of mineral-bound organic matter; and (2) to examine the effects of differences in aboveground vegetation on CEC. Soil samples were collected from four paired grassland/conifer sites within a single forested area and density fractionated. LF CEC was higher in conifer soils than in grassland soils, but there was no evidence of an effect of vegetation on CEC for the HF or bulk soil. LF CEC (but not HF CEC) correlated well with the C concentration in the fraction. The mean CEC of both fractions (per kg fraction) exceeded that of the bulk soil; thus, when the LF and HF CEC were combined mathematically by weighting values for each fraction in proportion to dry mass, the resulting value was nearly twice the measured CEC of bulk soil. On a whole soil basis, the HF contributed on average 97% of the CEC of the whole soil, although this conclusion must be tempered given the inflation of CEC values by the density fractionation procedure.     

富士苹果果皮色泽形成的需光特性研究

富士苹果果皮中的花青苷有两次积累期,其中９月初至１０月初为迅速积累时期。果实着色的适宜光照强度范围为相对全光照的４０％￣８５％。促进果实红色形成的照光最大效率期为果实采收前４５ｄ内。红光（６４０ｎｍ）处理颗粒可提高果皮提高果皮细胞膜透性,并刺激果实内乙烯生成。花青苷生物代谢最终产物的生成需要白色光照射,整个生长期单一红光或紫光处理抑制花青苷的形成。     

树形对油桃幼树光截获能力和结果的影响

【目的】研究设施栽培中树形对幼树光截获能力和生长结果的影响。【方法】以一、二年生油桃沪油004为试材，设计4种树形、在生长季节用不同浓度梯度的多效唑树冠叶面喷施处理的方法。【结果】（1）树形对冠层消光系数(K)的影响表现为主干形＞Y形＞开心形＞十字形，十字形和开心形叶面积指数(LAI)之间无明显差异，但都稍高于主干形而极显著大于Y形;冠层光直接辐射透过系数(Tr)和光散射辐射透过系数(TDP)的大小表现为Y形＞开心形＞十字形＞主干形。（2）多效唑处理后，幼树单株平均果实数和平均单果重均表现为主干形多于Y形，而每667m2平均产量则以主干形较高。【结论】设施栽培中采用主干形，树冠形成早期光截获能力较高。多效唑对不同树形的生长结果均产生一定的影响。     

Physiological metabolism of Haliotis discus hannai Ino under different light qualities and cycles

The goal of this experiment was to examine the effects of different light qualities (red, white, blue) and cycles (12L:12D, 8L:16D, 4L:20D, 0L:24D, 16L:8D) on the survival, growth, metabolism and antioxidant defence system of Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Under red and white light at 4L:20D, the body weight‐specific growth rate of abalones was significantly higher than that of the 0L:24D group (P < 0.05). At 16L:8D, succinate dehydrogenase activity decreased and lactate dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase activity and the lactic acid content significantly rose (P < 0.05) in the red and white light groups. Under blue light, reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde content for each light cycle were significantly higher than those of the red and white groups (P < 0.05). Under blue, white and red light, total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, glutathione peroxidase (GP_X) activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) content gradually rose with increased duration of light exposure. Under red light, significant differences in these parameters were detected between the 4L:20D and 16L:8D groups (P < 0.05). Under blue and white light at 16L:8D, values of T‐AOC, SOD, GP_X activity and GSH content were significantly lower than those of the 12L:12D group (P < 0.05). Overall, these results indicate that red light at light cycles of 4L:20D and 8L:16D is optimal for the culture and production of H. discus hannai, as these conditions promoted food intake, growth and health maintenance as well as normal physiological metabolism of the organism.