荒漠草原新害虫——无翅大头粪金龟研究的经济评价

本文利用中国农科院农业经济研究所研究的农业科学研究经济评价的理论和方法,对荒漠草原新害虫——无翅大头粪金龟(Lethrus anterus)研究成果在6667公顷严重为害的草地上进行防治示范推广的经济效益做了评价。根据各项经济指标分析,该成果的年牧草损失减少总量为15730吨鲜草;年经济损失减少总额为1150000元;科技费用新增收益率为10.85元/元;科研费用新增收益率为86.25元/元。     

无翅大头粪金龟生物学特性研究

俗称“草原蜣螂”、“屎壳郎”的荒漠草原新害虫的鉴定结果表明,该虫属金龟子总科粪金龟科大头粪金龟属无翅大头粪金龟种。一年一代,以成虫在土壤中越冬,掘洞营地下生活,史成虫危害,幼虫不危害,主食为驴驴蒿、合头草、红砂等。     

The systemic effects of juvenoids on the red firebug Pyrrhocoris apterus and on the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum with data on life table response

BACKGROUND: A series of juvenoid alcohols and their glycosidic derivatives (juvenogens), synthesized at the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry in Prague, commercially used juvenoids and the natural derivatives of juvabione were evaluated for their systemic juvenilizing effect on the red firebug, Pyrrhocoris apterus L., and on the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris. A life table response experiment was designed, and demographic characteristics were computed for a cohort of A. pisum following chronic exposure to a range of concentrations of the selected trans-isomer of carbamate juvenoid 8 applied via the broad bean (Vicia faba L.) root system. RESULTS: Using the ratio of topical and per os activities, promising effects were found in two alkyl beta-D-glucopyranosides (3 and 9) and the trans-isomer of carbamate juvenoid 8 in tests on P. apterus. In A. pisum, the highest systemic activity was found in tests with the trans-isomer of carbamate juvenoid 8. The longevity, the number of offspring per female and the number of offspring per reproducing female significantly decreased with concentrations of 0.05 mg mL(-1) and higher. While the net reproductive rate R(0) and the intrinsic rate of natural increase r(m) displayed similar trends, the generation time G varied slightly between 11.6 and 12.8 days. CONCLUSION: Expected systemic activity of glycosidic juvenogens in P. apterus was not confirmed by exposure of the pea aphid on broad bean treated with aqueous solutions of the compounds. Nevertheless, the carbamate juvenoid alcohol 8 displayed a considerable juvenilizing effect on A. pisum in screening tests. Furthermore, this compound indicated a sublethal effect as the realized fecundity U(x) decreased disproportionately to the age-specific survival L(x) with increased concentration. The population parameters are compared with the data in similar demographic studies and are discussed together with the possibilities of using the compounds of this structural type in practice.     

荒漠草原新害虫——无翅大头粪金龟药剂防治试验研究

本文是在对荒漠草原新害虫——无翅大头粪金龟(Lethrus apterus)生物学特性和生态特征研究的基础上,进行的药剂防治试验研究报告。在不同浓度的对比试验中,筛选出1:1500—2000倍稀释的40%乐果乳油防虫效果好、费用低;提出防治时期为5月底到7月初,而最适防治时间是为害盛期前夕,即山丹地区为6月5日～10日;确定防治指标为0.4头/米~2,而经济允许损失水平为8.08%。此研究成果经6667公顷草地上示范推广,防虫效果达92.4%,年减少牧草损失为15730吨鲜草,取得了良好的经济效益。