The Effect of Lead and Zinc on Plant Growth and Chlorophyll Content of Holcus lanatus L.

Root length of Holcus lanatus L. declined rapidly with increasing lead and zinc concentrations in nutrient solution. In all used Pb and Zn concentrations root growth of genotypes coming from a Pb-Zn mine area, was greater than that of the control, suggesting that these genotypes evolved tolerance to Pb and Zn.
Negative correlation was also observed between chlorophyll content and increased heavy metal concentrations. The greater chlorophyll content found in tolerant genotypes, in different Pb and Zn concentrations, in comparison with the control, could be served to distinguish tolerant and non-tolerant genotypes.     

铅对草坪植物生物量与叶绿素水平的影响

通过盆载模拟试验研究了铅对植物生物量、叶片叶缘素含量变化的影响，以及植物中毒后的症状。结果表明，铅对植物根系生长发育影响极大，可使根冠细胞有丝分裂减少、根量减少。铅进入叶肉组织后导致叶片失绿，严重时使叶片枯黄死亡。试验早期植物中毒症状表现为根冠膨大变黑，严重时根系腐烂。当营养液中Pb浓度达5.0mol／m^3时，试验后期引起植物死亡且不易恢复。     

草地早熟禾种子萌发和幼苗生长对铅胁迫的适应性

为研究草地早熟禾（Poa pratensis）对铅（Pb）的适应性,本研究采用盆栽试验分析了铅胁迫（Pb²⁺浓度为0,100,200,300,400,500,600 mg·L^-1）下草地早熟禾种子的萌发情况和幼苗生理生化的变化,结果显示：萌发期,随着Pb²⁺浓度的增加,发芽率和芽苗的芽长先升高后降低;发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、芽苗的根长和苗重均随着Pb²⁺浓度的增加而逐渐降低;幼苗期,叶绿素含量在Pb²⁺浓度小于200 mg·L^-1时无明显变化,在Pb²⁺浓度大于400 mg·L^-1时显著低于对照;细胞膜相对透性、丙二醛（Malondialdehyde,MDA）和脯氨酸（Proline,Pro）含量均随着Pb²⁺浓度的增加而升高,保护酶活性和活性氧自由基均随着Pb²⁺浓度增加先升高后降低。试验结果表明浓度小于200 mg·L^-1的铅胁迫可促进草地早熟禾种子的发芽,大于300 mg·L^-1则显著抑制;苗期在Pb²⁺浓度小于400 mg·L^-1时草地早熟禾可通过激活自身的抗氧化酶系统和增加Pro含量抑制细胞膜相对透性、MDA和活性氧自由基的增加以适应Pb²⁺胁迫,大于400 mg·L^-1时则影响其正常生长,可见土壤中铅浓度小于300 mg·L^-1的铅污染地区可种植草地早熟禾绿化环境。     

华中地区3种蔬菜对铅的耐性和累积特性差异研究

[目的]比较华中地区3种常见蔬菜对铅污染的耐性和累积特性的差异。[方法]在不同浓度Pb胁迫下,对萝卜、小白菜和苋菜进行种子萌发试验和盆栽试验,研究不同处理对蔬菜种子发芽率、幼苗生长、生物量及Pb含量的影响。[结果]不同浓度Pb胁迫对3种蔬菜种子的发芽率无明显的影响,2 000 mg/L Pb胁迫对蔬菜苗长具有0.05水平显著影响,小白菜对过量Pb毒害的耐性强于萝卜和苋菜;在施加Pb浓度为0~100 mg/kg时,萝卜和小白菜的食用部位Pb含量均低于食品卫生标准;在施加Pb浓度为100和500 mg/kg的处理中,萝卜的可食部位Pb含量低于小白菜和苋菜。[结论]萝卜抗土壤Pb污染的能力最强,比小白菜和苋菜更适合在Pb污染的农田上种植,以减少Pb进入食物链。     

香榧和山核桃中铅含量水平及富集原因分析

在浙江香榧和山核桃生产基地、超市和农贸市场实地抽样检测,对数据进行统计分析,研究浙江省香榧和山核桃中铅含量水平。香榧有效样本数158个,铅含量平均值0．113mg／kg,符合NY5324--2006（（无公害食品常绿果树坚果》标准要求（铅≤0．2mg／kg）,含量范No．034～0．382mg／kg;山核桃有效样本数216个,铅含量平均值0．211mg／kg,符合NY5307--2005《无公害食品落叶果树坚果》标准要求（铅≤0．4mg／kg）,含量范围0．013—0．409mg／kg。     

麦田土壤中抗铅菌株筛选及其吸附特性的研究

为研究铅污染土壤中微生物对重金属铅的耐受性及去除效果,从铅污染土壤中分离、筛选出2株抗铅菌株(BY-10和FB-6),研究其对铅的吸附特性、最佳生长条件,并对其进行鉴定。结果表明:菌株BY-10和FB-6分别为蜡状芽孢杆菌和团青霉。它们对铅的耐受质量浓度分别高达1 700,2 500 mg/L。菌株的生长条件范围较广,蜡状芽孢杆菌最适温度为35℃,团青霉最适温度为30℃;最适p H值均为7;最适装液量均为80~100 m L(250 m L摇瓶)。在初始铅质量浓度为0~600 mg/L内,随着浓度增加,菌株生长逐渐减缓,在≥400 mg/L的铅培养液中,团青霉与蜡状芽孢杆菌相比对铅的耐受性较强。在铅质量浓度一定时,随着生长时间的延长,菌株对铅的吸附率表现出先增大后减小的趋势,生物吸附量表现出同样趋势。而生长时间一定时,随着铅质量浓度的不断升高,菌株的吸附率逐渐降低,生物吸附量呈上升趋势。在铅质量浓度为150 mg/L时,蜡状芽孢杆菌和团青霉对铅的去除率达到最大,分别为66.25%和74.88%。     

氮钾肥对污染土壤中蕹菜生长及吸收铅的影响

为了探索提高植物吸收铅(Pb)的能力及增加铅迁移量的方法,采用温室盆栽试验,研究了单施氮钾(N、K)肥及配合施用对蕹菜生长及吸收铅的影响。结果表明:土壤铅浓度为500mg/kg条件下,单施氮肥、钾肥与低量氮肥配施能显著增加植物地上部生物量,提高植物地上部铅的含量,进而显著提高了植物的铅迁移总量,其中以低量氮肥与高量钾肥配合施用的效果最好,单施钾肥则降低植株的铅迁移总量;单施氮肥及氮钾肥适当比例配施还可以提高植物地上部铅的迁移量,提高植物地上部提取铅的效率。因此,通过调节土壤氮钾营养的方法可以提高铅污染土壤中植物对铅的吸收能力及迁移总量。     

Atmospheric lead and cadmium deposition within forests in the Kanto district, Japan

Atmospheric lead and cadmium deposition in bulk precipitation and throughfall was investigated at four forests in the Kanto district, Japan, to assess the impact of human activities on the environmental health of forests. Annual lead and cadmium depositions in bulk precipitation ranged from 8.9 to 25.7 g ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and from 0.77 to 1.30 g ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively. Lead and cadmium deposition increased in the summer at every forest due to large amounts of rainfall. At one of the forests, the depositions were also high in the winter due to heavy snowfall. These depositions were similar to recent depositions observed at other rural and urban sites in Japan and several forests in Europe and North America after 1990. These results indicate that although anthropogenic lead and cadmium are deposited at these rates over wide areas, depositions are still higher than in remote areas.     

铅污染土壤上施用氮肥对小麦POD酶活性及铅吸收的影响

针对日益严重的土壤Pb污染,采用盆栽土培方法,比较尿素、碳酸氢铵对Pb污染土壤上有效态Pb、小麦吸收积累Pb及其体内POD酶活性的影响,为指导Pb污染土壤上施肥提供依据。结果表明,两种氮肥的施用提高了土壤有效Pb的含量,小麦根中积累的Pb显著高于茎叶。低用量氮肥（0.1~0.3g／kg）均促进了小麦生长和根对Pb的吸收,高用量氮肥（0.5~0.7g／kg）抑制了小麦的生长,但小麦茎叶中Pb的含量均降低。小麦茎叶中Pb的积累与土壤有效Pb变化无相关性。施用尿素、碳酸氢铵处理下小麦幼苗POD酶活性变化呈下降趋势。对比认为施用低浓度处理尿素更能减少铅污染土壤上在地上部的Pb积累,促进小麦的生长。     

Zn and Pb release of sphalerite (ZnS)-bearing mine waste tailings

Background, aim, and scope  Contaminated mine drainage water has become a major hydrogeological and geochemical problem. Release of soluble metal contaminants and acidity from mining sites can pose serious chemical risks to surface and groundwater in the surrounding environment, and it is an important socio-economic factor addressed by working groups like SUITMA Morel and Heinrich (J Soils Sediments 8:206–207, 2008). The release of Zn and Pb from sulfide-bearing flotation residues of a small scale mine in Western Germany is investigated with focus on metal transfer to soil solution. Total contents of the soil material as well as soil water sampled with suction cups were analyzed. The influence of pH on leaching behavior was investigated with pH_stat tests. Isotopic analyses helped assessing seepage water velocity. The aim of this study was the assessment of the environmental behavior of zinc and lead caused by the weathering of sulfide-bearing mine tailings. Especially, we address in this paper the dissolution of sphalerite (ZnS) in contrast to the well-known dissolution processes of pyrite (FeS₂). Materials and methods  Total metal contents of the soil samples were analyzed by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, total C concentration was measured using a CHNS elemental analyzer. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra were recorded from powdered soil samples. Soil water was sampled in nylon suction cups. Electrical conductivity (EC), pH, and temperature of the soil water samples were measured in the field immediately after sampling. Major anions (F, Cl, NO₂, NO₃, SO₄) were analyzed by ion chromatography, major cations (Ca, Na, K, Li) were analyzed by flame photometry, heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Fe, Mn, and Mg) by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Tritium was analyzed by liquid scintillation counting (LSC), ¹⁸O and ²H were analyzed by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). pH_stat tests were performed at four different pH values between 2 and 5. Results  Total Zn contents of the soil samples averaged 10 g kg⁻¹, Pb contents averaged 2.5 g kg⁻¹, Fe 22 g kg⁻¹, S 8.0 g kg⁻¹, and total carbon 4.0 g kg⁻¹. Below 2-m depth, soil samples had neutral pH values. Toward the surface, pH decreased down to pH 5.4 in P1 and P3, and to pH 5.9 in core P2, respectively. Dissolved contents of major ions (Mg, Ca, K, SO₄, and HCO₃) in the soil solution increased with depth. Metal concentrations (Fe, Mn, Zn) decreased with depth. The solution pH was neutral to slightly alkaline in samples below 2 m and slightly acidic (pH 6) at 1 m depth. Tritium values are around 7 TU and correspond to modern rain, i.e., after 1975. Stable isotope values plot on the global meteoric water line. The pH_stat tests provide two kinds of information, the acid neutralization capacity after 24 h (ANC24) and the release of metals depending on pH. The ANC24 increases linearly with decreasing pH from about 60 mmol(eq) kg⁻¹ at pH 5 to about 460 mmol(eq) kg⁻¹ at pH 2. Zn and Fe release show a strong increase with decreasing pH to 126 and 142 mmol(eq) kg⁻¹, respectively. Pb release increases at pH <4 and Mn release at pH <5, both to about 10 mmol(eq) kg⁻¹. Discussion  With an average of 10 g kg⁻¹, this field site is highly enriched in Zn. In the oxidized topsoil, Zn concentrations are significantly lower than in the anoxic subsoil. The distribution pattern of total Zn contents and soil pH values indicate that the topsoil, which is prone to oxidation and acidification, is already depleted in Zn. Only in soil core P2, Zn (and Fe) contents in the topsoil were higher than in the subsoil. Oxidation of the sulfidic material leads to redistribution into mobilizable species. High soil water concentrations (10 to 15 mg L⁻¹) can be found at acidic pH. The dominant Zn species in the soil solution is Zn²⁺. At neutral pH, Zn concentrations are below 0.001 mg L⁻¹. During the soil passage, the contaminated seepage water enters the anoxic subsoil with pH buffering carbonates. Results indicate that Zn is immobilized there. However, when the acid neutralization capacity is exhausted, a breakthrough of dissolved Zn to the groundwater has to be expected. Lead averages 2.5 g kg⁻¹ inside the flotation dump. In contrast to Zn, the first centimeters of the oxidized topsoil with high TOC contents show higher Pb contents than the anoxic subsoil. About 80% of the cation exchange capacity in the topsoil is occupied by Pb. In contrast to Zn, Pb is not abundant as aqueous species at slightly acidic pH. Values lower than pH 4 are necessary to mobilize Pb in higher amounts, as pH_stat experiments confirm. Hence, Pb is not expected to be leached out until the buffer capacity of the soil is exhausted. Conclusions  The environmental fate and behavior of Zn and Pb in the flotation dump is strongly depending on pH and redox conditions. Oxidation of sphalerite leads to a transfer of Zn from immobile to easily mobilizable species. Sulfide oxidation leads to an acidification of the topsoil where the buffer capacity is already exhausted due to the leaching of carbonates. At acidic pH, Zn is transferred to the aqueous phase and leached to the subsoil where soil pH is neutral. Electron supply and the buffer capacity of the material are found to be the main factors controlling the mobility of Zn. In contrast, the transfer of comparable amounts of Pb to the aqueous phase requires pH values <4. Since Pb is enriched in the topsoil, not leaching to the groundwater, but direct uptake (e.g., children, animals) and uptake by plants is the highest environmental risk. If the acidification of the soil proceeds with the same rate as in the last 40 years, it will reach the bottom of the tailing in about 200 years and a breakthrough of metals to the groundwater has to be expected. Recommendations and perspectives  The behavior of the different metals and their environmental impact depends on the different metal properties as well as on external conditions, e.g. pH, redox conditions, buffer capacity, and groundwater recharge. To assess the future release of metals from a flotation dump it is crucial to determine the main processes leading to acidification, the buffer capacity, and heavy metal binding forms. The release of heavy metals to the groundwater could be prevented by liming or other buffering techniques de Andrade et al. (J Soils Sediments 8:123–129, 2008). Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.