娟姗牛催乳素基因型与产奶量的关联性分析

[目的]研究娟姗牛催乳素（PRL）基因多态性与产奶量之间的关联性,为选育高产奶量娟姗牛新品系奠定基础.[方法]利用PCR-RFLP分析44头娟姗牛PRL基因外显子2和外显子4的多态性,统计不同基因型娟姗牛305 d的平均产奶量,然后分析娟姗牛PRL基因型与产奶量的关联性.[结果]娟姗牛PR基因外显子2和外显子4存在RsaI酶切多态性,外显子2有AA和AG两种基因型,外显子4有AA、AG和GG 3种基因型;外显子2和外显子4的AG型频率分别是0.7272和0.5454,为优势基因型.PRL基因两个外显子AA型个体的305 d平均产奶量均高于AG型和GG型（P＞0.05）;基因型组合效应分析发现,A2A2A4G4为优势组合基因型,但在305 d平均产奶量方面是A2G2A4A4组合基因型的产奶量显著高于A2A2A4A4、A2A2A4G4和A2A2G4G4组合基因型（P＜0.05）.[结论]娟姗牛PRL基因外显子2和外显子4的碱基突变与产奶量之间存在关联性,其中第8398位碱基A是娟珊牛高产奶量的有利等位基因.     

Between-founder heterogeneity in inbreeding depression for production in Jersey cows

Severity of inbreeding depression depends on the hidden (i.e., recessive) genetic load carried by a population. If the load is distributed unevenly among founder genomes, or founder-lines were exposed to variable amounts of selection, descendants from different founders may be differentially affected by inbreeding. Between-founder heterogeneity in inbreeding depression for production traits and somatic cell score in milk (SCS) was studied using records from 59,788 Jersey cows. Inbreeding coefficients (F) were partitioned into components due to four founders, plus a remainder. A two-stage statistical analysis was performed. First, empirical best linear unbiased predictions (EBLUP) of residuals for milk, fat and protein yield, and for SCS, were computed using linear models including fixed effects of herd–year–season, age at calving and days in milk, and random additive genetic effects of individual cows. Second, models with total and partial inbreeding coefficients as predictor variables were fitted to EBLUP residuals, for each trait. Tests of differences between slopes indicated that regressions of milk, fat and protein yield on partial inbreeding coefficients were heterogeneous; SCS did not exhibit inbreeding depression. Hence, alleles contributing to inbreeding depression for production in this Jersey population seem to be associated with specific founders. This indicates that a homogeneous effect of inbreeding on production may be an incorrect statistical specification in genetic evaluation models that attempt to account for inbreeding depression. Furthermore, the observed variability between effects of partial inbreeding due to different founders implies that inbreeding effects on yield traits may be due to alleles with major effects.     

热应激对荷斯坦牛与荷-娟F1牛抗氧化能力的影响

临床健康的荷斯坦乳牛和荷斯坦牛-娟姗牛杂交F1牛(荷-娟F1)各20头,分为2组,分别于冬季12月份(牛舍日平均气温为10.35℃,THI为47.24)和次年夏季7月份(牛舍日平均气温为38.07℃,THI为82.61)条件下,研究热应激对血清中丙二醛(MDA)含量,总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活力,总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)的影响。结果表明:热应激期间荷-娟F1血清中MDA含量显著低于荷斯坦牛(P<0.05);T-SOD活力显著高于荷斯坦牛(P<0.05);T-AOC有升高的趋势但差异不显著(P>0.05)。在非热应激期间,荷-娟F1与荷斯坦牛相比血清中的MDA含量、T-SOD活力和T-AOC均无显著差异(P>0.05)。荷-娟F1和荷斯坦牛在热应激期间的血清中MDA含量、T-SOD活力与非热应激期差异均极显著(P<0.01),荷斯坦牛血清中T-AOC差异显著(P<0.05),而荷-娟F1血清中T-AOC差异不显著(P>0.05)。由此表明,热应激对乳牛的抗氧化能力产生显著的影响;热应激期间荷-娟F1的抗氧化能力高于荷斯坦牛,更能适应热带和亚热带地区高温高湿的气候条件。     

娟姗牛与西杂牛杂交后代生长发育观测

[目的]旨在繁育适于牦牛杂交改良的乳肉兼用父本.[方法]在海拔相对较低的半农半牧区,用娟姗牛与西杂牛杂交,观察杂交后代的生长发育和配种情况.[结果]娟姗牛与西杂牛的杂交后代在甘南州高海拔地区具有较好的适应性,表现出明显的杂交优势,能与甘南牦牛自然交配.     

娟姗牛与荷斯坦牛X-性控冷冻精液试验研究效果分析

采用娟姗牛与荷斯坦牛X-性控冷冻精液,给娟姗母牛、荷斯坦母牛及胚胎移植供体进行人工授精,以探索两种冷冻精液人工授精受胎效果及供体牛生产胚胎效果。研究结果表明,人工输精试验牛情期受胎率及供体母牛的平均可用胚胎数和可用胚胎率受公牛X-性控冷冻精液的影响;人工输精试验牛的受胎率青年牛优于经产牛,而荷斯坦牛的优于娟珊牛;生产胚胎的供体牛,综合可用胚胎数和可用胚胎率,在同一品种上青年牛的效果优于经产牛,在不同品种而同一年龄上的荷斯坦牛优于娟珊牛。     

利用娟姗牛细管冻精改良牦牛的试验报告

利用娟姗牛细管冻精,采取人工授精的方法改良色达草地型牦牛,结果显示：杂交一代（犏牛）公、母牛初生重平均达15.35kg,比本地牦牛初生重提高39%,2岁零3个月的公、母牛平均体重达166.7kg,比本地相同年龄的牦牛体重高60%;杂交一代母牛1.5岁初配,比本地牦牛提前2～3年;杂交一代母牛2岁零3个月产犊,第一胎年产奶量达1280kg,是本地成年牦牛产奶量的4倍。     

Allocation of feed based on individual dairy cow live weight changes: II: Effect on milk production

Based on individual cow live weight gain, feeding strategies were designed for individual feeding of dairy cows in loose-housing systems, and examined in a four-year production trial including 115 Danish Red (DR), 91 Danish Holstein (DH), and 93 Danish Jersey (DJ). The objective of the present paper was to examine the milk yield obtained in response to three feeding strategies. The interrelationship between feed intake and live weight changes is presented in a companion paper.Cows were stalled in a loose-housing system based on automatic milking, automatic recording of feed intake and automatic weighing of the cows. All cows had 3 kg of individually separately offered concentrate (ISC) in addition to a mixed ration (MR). Cows were either allowed a medium energy MR during whole lactation (strategy MR1) or a high energy MR during early lactation, which was reduced to a low energy MR either early or late (strategy MR2-E and MR2-L). The early and late changes were defined as a live weight gain after live weight minimum at 15 and 35 kg, respectively, for DR/DH and 11 and 25 kg, respectively, for DJ. When MR energy concentration was changed, cows on the MR2 strategies were offered 3 kg per day of extra concentrate. The total allowance of 6 kg ISC was stepwise reduced to 3 kg per day as live weight continued to increase until 50 and 35 kg for DR/DH and DJ, respectively.Compared to feeding the MR1 strategy, the analysis showed that feeding the MR2 strategies did not significantly affect milk yield within primiparous DR and DH or within any DJ, as total lactation feed energy intake within these groups of cows was not significantly affected by the feeding strategy. Results obtained for multiparous DH showed that it is possible to increase milk yield without reducing the milk:feed ratio, when MR2 strategies were applied compared to the MR1 strategy. Feeding high energy rations during early lactation caused a higher peak feed energy intake within multiparous cows of DH and DR, but only multiparous DH obtained higher peak ECM yield in response to higher feed energy intake in early lactation. Across breed the results suggested that cows offered the MR2-E strategy might obtain higher lactation ECM yield compared to cows offered the MR2-L strategy due to a higher ECM yield persistency obtained by cows offered the MR2-E strategy. Results on feed intake and live weight changes presented in a companion paper indicated, that cows offered the MR2 strategies obtained a lower extent of mobilization compared to cows offered the MR1 strategy, and feeding the MR2-E strategy significantly increased duration of the mobilization period, which might have increased MR2-E cows' ability to maintain a high milk production during mid lactation.     

甘南牦牛杂交后代生长发育分析

[目的]测量甘南牦牛二元、三元杂交后代周岁内生长发育情况,分析杂交利用方向。[方法]根据牧区草原畜牧业季节性特点,测量了二元、三元杂交后代初生（0月龄）、8月龄和12月龄体尺体重,对比分析不同杂交组合在不同生长阶段的生长发育情况。[结果]不论是二元杂交还是三元杂交,杂交后代均表现出良好的杂交优势,优良品种杂交后代生长发育极显著优于本地品种;安格斯尕力巴牛在8月龄,娟犏牛在12月龄体重达到100kg以上,可为高原犊牛肉的生产提供优质牛源。     

热应激对奶牛血液流变学指标及血清无机离子浓度和酶活性的影响

将40头健康娟荷奶牛和荷斯坦奶牛分为2组,分别于冬季12月份(牛舍日平均气温10.35℃,温湿度指数为47.24)和次年夏季7月份(牛舍日平均气温31.07℃,温湿度指数为82.61)测定热应激对奶牛血液流变学指标及血清无机离子浓度和酶活性的影响.结果表明:除血沉外,全血比黏度、血浆比黏度、红细胞压积,荷斯坦奶牛、娟荷奶牛夏季都明显升高,与冬季间差异均极显著(P<0.01),但在夏季或冬季2个品种间差异不显著(P>0.05);血清K+浓度,娟荷奶牛冬季与夏季间差异显著(P<0.05),荷斯坦奶牛冬季与夏季间以及2个品种间差异不显著(P>0.05);热应激极显著降低血清Na+、Ca2+浓度(P<0.01),但夏季或冬季2个品种间差异不显著(P>0.05);血清C l-浓度,2个品种间及2个季节间差异均不显著(P>0.05);热应激显著升高谷丙转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶活性(P<0.05),但夏季或冬季2个品种间差异不显著(P>0.05);谷草转氨酶活性,冬季2个品种间差异显著(P<0.05),夏季2个品种间差异不显著(P>0.05).可见,全血比黏度,血浆比黏度,红细胞压积,血清Na+、Ca2+浓度和谷丙转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶活性与奶牛品种无关,与热应激程度关系密切.