Do cover crops change the lability of phosphorus in a clayey subtropical soil under different phosphate fertilizers?

Plants have developed different mechanisms to absorb and solubilize phosphorus (P) in the soil, especially in environments with low P availability. This study evaluated the effects of different winter cover crops on soil P availability in a clayey subtropical (Hapludox) soil receiving soluble P fertilizer and a rock phosphate applied to the summer crop, under no‐tillage. The experiment was carried out over 3 yrs (2009–2011) with five different cover crop species: common vetch, fodder radish, ryegrass, black oat, white clover and fallow as control. The soil was sampled after the third year of cover crop cultivation and analysed for inorganic and organic P forms according to the well‐established Hedley fractionation procedure. Phosphate fertilizers promoted accumulation of both labile and nonlabile P pools in soil in the near surface layer, especially under rock phosphate. Fertilizer applications were not able to change P fractions in deeper layers, emphasizing that the Brazilian clayey soils are a sink of P from fertilizer and its mobility is almost nil. Although the cover crops recycled a great amount of P in tissue, in a short‐term evaluation (3 yrs) they only changed the content of moderately labile P in soil, indicating that long‐term studies are needed for more conclusive results.     

Oxygen isotope ratios of plant available phosphate in lowland tropical forest soils

Phosphorus (P) cycles rapidly in lowland tropical forest soils, but the process have been proven difficult to quantify. Recently it was demonstrated that valuable data on soil P transformations can be derived from the natural abundance of stable oxygen isotopes in phosphate (δ¹⁸O_P). Here, we measured the δ¹⁸O_P of soils that had received long-term nutrient additions (P, nitrogen, and potassium) or litter manipulations in lowland tropical forest in Panama and performed controlled incubations of fresh soils amended with a single pulse of P. To detect whether δ¹⁸O_P values measured in the incubations apply also for soils in the field, we examined the δ¹⁸O_P values after rewetting dry soils. In the incubations, resin-P δ¹⁸O_P values converged to ∼3.5‰ above the expected isotopic equilibrium with soil water. This contrasts with extra-tropical soils in which the δ¹⁸O_P of resin-P matches the expected equilibrium with soil water. Identical above-equilibrium resin-P δ¹⁸O_P values were also found in field soils that did not receive P additions or extra litter. We suggest that the 3.5‰ above-equilibrium δ¹⁸O_P values reflect a steady state between microbial uptake of phosphate (which enriches the remaining phosphate with the heavier isotopologues) and the release of isotopically equilibrated cell internal phosphate back to the soil. We also found that soil nutrient status affected the microbial turnover rate because in soils that had received chronic P addition, the original δ¹⁸O_P signature of the fertilizer was preserved for at least eight weeks, indicating that the off-equilibrium δ¹⁸O_P values produced during microbial phosphate turnover was not imprinted in these soils. Overall, our results demonstrate that ongoing microbial turnover of phosphate mediates its biological availability in lowland tropical soils.     

硒肥与钝化材料组配对土壤Cd钝化及稻米Cd消减效果

为了探讨不同硒肥施用方式联合钝化材料对土壤镉钝化和稻米镉消减的效果,采用盆栽试验的方式,选用亚硒酸钠作为硒肥,钙镁磷肥和硅藻土作为钝化材料,设置基施硒肥+钙镁磷肥+硅藻土和叶面喷施硒肥+钙镁磷肥+硅藻土2种方式,研究其不同用量对镉污染酸性稻田土壤修复与安全利用的影响。结果表明：随着施用量的增加,稻米产量增加,基施硒肥产量略高于叶面喷施硒肥,产量差为 2.115 g/pot,与对照(CK)相比,基施0.28%钙镁磷肥+0.12%硅藻土+0.004‰硒(T3)能够提高1.68倍的稻米产量;随着施用量的增加,pH升高,有效Cd降低,有机质与CEC变化不大;基施硒肥与叶面喷施硒肥处理对土壤pH、有机质与CEC差异不显著,但基施硒肥处理有效Cd含量略低于叶面喷施硒肥处理,T3对土壤Cd的钝化效果最佳;随着基施硒肥用量的增加,稻米Cd含量降低,随着叶面喷施硒肥用量的增加,稻米Cd含量先降低后升高,基施硒肥处理对稻米Cd的消减程度强于叶面喷施硒肥处理,相差 0.021 mg/kg,与对照(CK)相比,T3处理稻米Cd降低0.063 mg/kg。可见,硒对调控稻米镉累积具有重要作用,且基施硒肥强于叶面喷施。综上所述,基施0.28%钙镁磷肥+0.12%硅藻土+0.004‰硒对土壤Cd钝化与稻米Cd消减的效果最佳,值得在镉污染稻田推广应用。     

Content and distribution of different phosphorus forms in broiler chickens

To understand the background value of phosphorus in chickens, the quantitative distribution of different phosphorus forms, including total phosphorus (TP), free phosphate (FP) and phospholipid (PL), in viscera, blood and bones of broiler chickens was investigated. Results showed that phosphorus contents exhibited significant differences in different parts of chickens. TP content of breast and thigh meat was over 5.0 g/kg, in which most of the phosphorus was in the form of water‐soluble phosphates. TP content in viscera was higher than that in meat, and spleen was observed to contain the highest amount of phosphorus (10.0 g/kg). In all tested organs, FP and PL contents in liver were the highest, ranging between 1207–1989 and 81–369 mg/kg respectively. TP content in chicken bone was in the range of 52 716–136 643 mg/kg, and FP content in the bone was relatively lower than that in chicken meat.     

聚戊烯基磷酸酯的合成机理与化学特征

从银杏叶中分离制备聚戊烯醇混合物(C75~C110),纯度为87.2%,选择POC l3为磷酰化剂和三乙胺为碱性水解剂,经过磷酰化和水解二步反应,聚戊烯基氯磷酸酯在三乙胺碱性溶液中转化成聚戊烯基磷酸酯,产品得率在65%以上。聚戊烯醇与POC l3的摩尔比为1∶5~10,反应温度低于10℃;室温水解20 h,反应产物经柱层析纯化和HPLC制备聚戊烯基磷酸酯,由IR、1H NMR、13C NMR和高分辨质谱(HRMS)鉴定其化学结构为聚戊烯基单磷酸酯。     

DMPP mitigates N2O and NO productions by inhibiting ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in an intensified vegetable field under different temperature and moisture regimes

Vegetable soils with high nitrogen input are major sources of nitrous oxide (N₂O) and nitric oxide (NO), and incorporation of the nitrification inhibitor 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) into soils has been documented to effectively reduce emissions. However, the efficiency of DMPP in terms of soil N₂O and NO mitigations varies greatly depending on soil temperature and moisture levels. Thus, further evaluations of DMPP efficiency in diverse environments are required to encourage widespread application. A laboratory incubation study (28 d) was established to investigate the interactive effects of DMPP, temperature (15, 25, and 35 ℃), and soil moisture (55% and 80% of water-holding capacity (WHC)) on net nitrification rate, N₂O and NO productions, and gene abundances of nitrifiers and denitrifiers in an intensive vegetable soil. Results showed that incubating soil with 1% DMPP led to partial inhibition of the net nitrification rate and N₂O and NO productions, and the reduction percentage of N₂O production was higher than that of NO production (69.3% vs. 38.2%) regardless of temperature and soil moisture conditions. The increased temperatures promoted the net nitrification rate but decreased soil N₂O and NO productions. Soil moisture influenced NO production more than N₂O production, decreasing with the increased moisture level (80%). The inhibitory effect of DMPP on cumulative N₂O and NO productions decreased with increased temperatures at 55% WHC. Conversely, the inhibitory effect of DMPP on cumulative N₂O production increased with increased temperatures at 80% WHC. Based on the correlation analyses and automatic linear modeling, the mitigation of both N₂O and NO productions from the soil induced by DMPP was attributed to the decreases in ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) amoA gene abundance and NO^-₂-N concentration. Overall, our study indicated that DMPP reduced both N₂O and NO productions by regulating the associated AOB amoA gene abundance and NO^-₂-N concentration. These findings improve our insights regarding the implications of DMPP for N₂O and NO mitigations in vegetable soils under various climate scenarios.     

水稻质体磷酸盐转运体OsPPT家族成员的功能分析

磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸/磷酸盐转运体(PPT)是植物质体磷酸盐转运蛋白家族(pPTs)成员之一,介导细胞质中的磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸(PEP)进入质体基质的同时,将磷交换到细胞质中。为对水稻OsPPT基因家族进行综合分析,探索其在水稻中的潜在功能。利用水稻原生质体瞬时转化分析OsPPT的亚细胞定位,通过酵母异源表达实验分析OsPPT的磷酸盐转运能力。设置正常供磷和缺磷等非生物胁迫水培实验处理,阐明OsPPT家族成员的组织特异性表达模式,以及对非生物胁迫逆境的响应。结果表明,OsPPT基因家族4个成员均定位于叶绿体膜,而且OsPPT可以在酵母中介导磷酸盐的跨膜转运。此外,通过实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)展示了OsPPT基因家族在应对环境胁迫时表达模式上的动态变化,比如磷饥饿,以及脱落酸(abscisic acid, ABA)、水杨酸(salicylic acid, SA)、氯化钠等非生物胁迫环境。OsPPT基因家族可能参与磷酸盐在细胞质和叶绿体之间的运输,同时也可能参与植物对逆境胁迫的响应。     

一株分离自葛藤根际高效溶磷细菌特性研究及菌株鉴定

对分离自葛藤(Pueraria lobata L.)根际的一株高效溶磷细菌GTR15进行促生特性、主要生理生化指标测定和16S rDNA序列分析。结果表明,菌株GTR15的HD/CD值(溶磷圈直径HD,菌落直径CD)为2.22,28℃液体振荡培养7 d后对磷酸钙的溶解量为138.72 mg.L-1,分泌IAA(3-吲哚乙酸)及有机酸量分别为14.44 mg.L-1、46.00 mmol.L-1。菌株革兰氏染色为阴性,细胞短杆状;淀粉水解、吲哚、V-P(二乙酰试验)、苯丙氨酸脱氨酶、明胶液化及M-R(甲基红)试验呈阴性;柠檬酸盐、过氧化氢酶、硫化氢及硝酸盐还原等试验呈阳性,结合菌株16S rDNA序列分析结果,初步鉴定为肠杆菌(Enterobacter sp.)。该菌株在研制高效微生物磷肥接种剂方面可能具有较大潜力。     

不同磷酸盐对污染土壤中镉生物有效性的影响

采用盆栽试验,在镉二级和三级污染的红壤和褐土上添加不同磷酸盐（磷酸二氢铵、磷酸二氢钾、磷酸二氢钙）后种植小油菜40d,测定植株生物量、镉吸收量、土壤有效态镉含量、pH值,分析不同磷酸盐对污染土壤中镉生物有效性的影响。结果表明,3种磷酸盐使污染红壤和褐土上小油菜生物量分别提高了18.7%～291.1%和31.5%～991.2%,在红壤上提高顺序为磷酸二氢钙〉磷酸二氢钾〉磷酸二氢铵,而在褐土上则表现为磷酸二氢钙≈磷酸二氢钾〉磷酸二氢铵。3种磷酸盐影响下小油菜吸收镉量,在镉二级污染水平的红壤上表现为显著提高8.3%～60.6%,而在镉三级污染水平的红壤上则表现为显著降低了4.6%～58.4%。污染红壤有效态镉含量在加入3种磷酸盐后提高了17.0%～122.7%,提高顺序为磷酸二氢钙〉磷酸二氢钾〉磷酸二氢铵;而磷酸二氢铵使污染褐土有效态镉含量降低了2.4%～13.4%。3种磷酸盐使红壤pH值提高了0.24～0.99。可见,不同土壤类型、不同镉污染水平下,3种磷酸盐对土壤镉的生物有效性的影响存在差异,其机制有待进一步研究。     

镁铝双氢氧化物和镁铁铝改性蒙脱土去除水体中磷的吸附效果研究

通过间歇式批实验和动力学实验研究了不同pH条件下磷酸盐在镁铝双氢氧化物（Mg-Al-LDH）、钠基膨润土（Na-Mt）及镁铁铝改性膨润土（Mg-Al-Mt、Fe-Mt和Fe-Al-Mt）的吸附特征。结果表明,在pH4.5～9.0范围内,随着pH的升高,Na-Mt,Fe-Mt和Fe-Al-Mt3种矿物对磷的吸附率相应减少,镁铝双氢氧化物对磷的吸附率有所增加;Mg-Al-LDH、Fe-Mt和Fe-Al-Mt的对磷吸附率约为95%,比Mg-Al-Mt高40%,比Na-Mt高80%。用Langmuir方程描述磷的等温吸附过程,最大吸附容量（Qm）大小顺序为Fe-Al-Mt〉Fe-Mt〉Mg-Al-LDH〉Mg-Al-Mt〉Na-Mt,b值大小依次为Mg-Al-LDH〉Fe-Mt〉Fe-Al-Mt〉Mg-Al-Mt〉Na-Mt,最大缓冲容量（Qmb）以Mg-Al-LDH的为最大,Na-Mt的为最小;Freundlich等温吸附方程参数KF代表相对吸附容量,以Mg-Al-LDH的KF值最高,依次是Fe-Mt、Fe-Al-Mt和Mg-Al-Mt,Na-Mt的KF值最小,这与Qmb的结果一致;决定系数（R2）表明,Langmuir等温吸附方程能更好地拟合铁改性蒙脱土和铁铝改性蒙脱土,而Freundlich方程对钠蒙脱土,双氢氧化物和镁铝改性蒙脱土的拟合效果要好。磷酸盐吸附过程分为快反应和慢反应,用动力学实验数据进行拟合,准二级动力学方程能够更好的拟合改性蒙脱土和Mg-Al-LDH对磷的动力学吸附数据,其决定系数为0.999;Elovich方程拟合改性蒙脱土磷酸盐的吸附数据也有很好的相关性（R2为0.89～0.94）。Na-Mt矿物磷酸盐的吸附用抛物线扩散方程描述最为合适,原因可能是磷酸盐镶嵌在矿物层间是一个扩散过程,不涉及化学吸附过程。