The effects of density and artificial substrate on intensive shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei nursery production

Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) can be installed indoors, allowing year-round production of tropical animals in nearly any climate. A nursery phase is commonly used in Litopenaeus vannamei production since it allows for enhanced biosecurity and better quantification of animals while reducing space requirements. However, it is unclear whether animal density and inclusion of artificial substrate may improve shrimp performance during the nursery phase. In this experiment, we compared shrimp production parameters in two stocking densities with or without the use of an artificial substrate by creating four treatments: low-density LD; 1500 PL/m⁻³, low-density with substrate LDS, high-density HD; 3000 PL/m⁻³), and high-density with substrate (HDS). The LDS and HDS treatments included 0.46-m² of high-density polyethylene 2.5-cm mesh as a substrate, which increased the tank surface area by 21 %. Each treatment was randomly assigned to four 160-l culture tanks, each with a biofilter. The shrimp had an initial weight of 4 mg and were grown for 50 days. The low-density treatments had significantly higher dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH than the high-density treatments (P ≤ 0.001). Specifically, LDS had the highest DO and pH followed by the LD, HD, and HDS treatments, respectively. High-density treatments had significantly higher NO₂-N levels than low-density treatments during week 2 of the experiment when an unusually high concentration of nitrite was observed. FCR was significantly lower in both low-density treatments than in high-density treatments. At harvest, the total biomass (kg m⁻³) was significantly higher in high-density treatments than in low-density treatments (P ≤ 0.001), and the HDS treatment had a significantly greater biomass output than HD. Producers should consider artificial substrate and higher densities during nursery production to maximize shrimp production; however, the effects on water quality should also be taken into account.     

谈室内绿化

室内绿化是室内设计的组成部分,主要是利用植物材料并借鉴园林设计的手段和方法,组织、完善和美化室内空间,协调人与环境的关系。概括了室内绿化的功能和作用,论述了室内绿化设计的原则及室内绿化植物的选择,并举例说明了几种不同室内空间的绿化布置。     

室内自然景观对室内环境调节、净化的作用

主要针对公共场所(酒店餐饮空间)的室内温度、相对湿度、CO2体积分数、甲醛(HCHO)和总挥发性有机物(TVOC)质量浓度等5个室内空气质量的重要参数进行了检测和分析。结果表明,设有植物、水景等自然景观的室内,其5项空气指标均明显优于不设自然景观的室内空间。由此说明,自然景观对室内环境具有显著的调节、净化等生态作用。     

农药飘移状况的室内模拟测定

以硫酸铜代替农药,采用室内恒定风速模拟,结合分光光度法测定和数学模型拟和,研究了不同农药喷雾量及喷雾溶液浓度接近地面飘移情况.结果表明,在本试验条件下,飘移路径上某一点收集到的有效成分比例为常数,该常数与飘移距离高度相关,与喷雾量和喷雾溶液浓度无关.     

木质居室环境综合评价

采用模糊数学理论研究人们对木质居室环境的综合评价,并将其与传统建筑物的室内环境进行了比较。通过调查研究表明,专家们对木质复合墙体结构住宅的室内环境的评价较高,这种结构的住宅在人们的主观意识中能得到认可。     

室内立体绿化方法探析

指出了室内环境质量直接影响人们的身心健康,通过运用立体绿化的方式,可以改善室内居住环境,调节人的情绪并提升室内综合美感。概括了室内立体绿化的概念和特点,论述了室内立体绿化的设计布局形式和种植要求,以及绿化植物的选择和种植方法,并对未来室内立体绿化的发展提出了建议。     

敞口池塘和遮荫池塘养殖美洲鲥当年鱼种的生长规律和差异

对600尾各生长阶段的敞口池塘和遮荫池塘养殖美洲鲥当年鱼种的体长、体质量进行了测量与分析,研究比较了两种池塘养殖鱼种生长的规律和差异。结果显示:敞口池塘和遮荫池塘养殖美洲鲥当年鱼种的体长与体质量均呈良好的幂函数增长关系(W=aL~b,R~2 0. 99,P 0. 01,n=300),b值接近且略小于3(分别为2. 786 4和2. 843 1),体长生长略快于体质量生长。养殖试验初期(0～15 d),美洲鲥当年鱼种出现飞跃式补偿生长,而后鱼种体长和体质量的特定生长率均随养殖日龄增加呈现下降趋势。敞口池塘和遮荫池塘的鱼种体长生长均可用一次线性函数(L=at+b,R~2 0. 97,P 0. 01,n=9)拟合,体质量生长均可用二次函数拟合(W=at~2+bt+c,R2 0. 97,P 0. 01,n=9);养殖前期,在57 d(9月13日)前,敞口池塘的鱼种生长优于遮荫池塘,养殖后期,在79 d(10月5日)后,则相反。敞口池塘的饵料系数(1. 22)低于遮荫池塘(2. 04)。敞口池塘鱼种体长和体质量的变异系数明显小于遮荫池塘的变异系数(P 0. 05)。研究表明美洲鲥幼鱼对高温有良好的适应能力,其高温耐受力高于成鱼。建议美洲鲥池塘养殖过程中,当年鱼种采用敞口池塘养殖,而成鱼采用遮荫池塘养殖。     

老年公寓外环境康复支持性评价指标体系构建研究

老年公寓是现在备受关注的课题,本研究系统梳理了老年公寓外环境康复支持性的概念、特征、功能,提出了包括道路场地适应性、设施通用性、空间多样化、环境优美度等4方面评价目标及15个评价因子,并运用层次分析法建立起老年公寓外环境康复支持性评价指标体系,以期对老年公寓外环境的评价理论和实践研究有一定的借鉴价值。     

减阻剂室外埋地评价环道及瞬态模型

针对减阻剂室内评价环道存在的问题,设计安装了管径159mm、长300m的室外埋地评价环道,其管径、长度、油品流速更接近于实际管道.该装置采用高压氮气作为动力源,测试段沿线布设高精度压力传感器和高频压力传感器,测试段出口设有超声波流量计,同时安装有耐压罐和常压罐.由于在环道评价试验中装置的压力不断变化,因此建立了试验过程氮气管路、油品管路、氮气罐、耐压罐的瞬态模型,使用VB语言编制了计算程序,用以计算不同粘度和初始压力下的油品流速和压力变化,雷诺数范围和试验时间,判断试验条件的可行性.     

Effect of dietary phosphorus levels on growth and body composition of crucian carp,Carassius auratus under indoor and outdoor experiments

Indoor and outdoor experiments were carried out simultaneously to evaluate the effects of dietary phosphorus levels on growth performance and body composition of crucian carp. Monocalcium was used to formulate extruded feed containing available phosphorus (AP) of 1.5 (D1), 4.7 (D2), 6.3 (D3) and 9.0 (D4) g kg^?1. Twelve 500‐L recirculating tanks were assigned to four triplicate groups with each tank stocked with 15 juveniles (39.88 ± 0.14 g) for indoor experiment. Twelve polyethylene enclosures were assigned to four groups with each one stocked with 120 juveniles (44.08 ± 1.36 g). After 8 weeks of feeding, survival ranged from 96% to 100%. Weight gain, special growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and feed conversion rate did not show significant differences among dietary treatments in both experiments. Fish cultured in the enclosures grew better, although D1 and D2 treatments did not reach significant level. Crude protein and phosphorus content of the fish were not significantly affected by dietary phosphorus level. Moisture, crude lipid, crude ash and vertebrae phosphorus were significantly affected by different phosphorus levels. Based on vertebrae phosphorus, crucian carp cultured in the tanks and in the enclosures showed phosphorus deficiency under 4.7 g kg^?1 and 6.3 g kg^?1 AP, respectively.