人参提取液体外抑制IHNV作用效果研究

探究人参提取液体外抑制CCB细胞感染IHNV的能力,构建体外CCB细胞模型,运用RTCA技术和MTT法测得不同浓度人参提取液对IHNV抑制作用曲线,并从阻断病毒复制和杀灭病毒两方面讨论人参提取液作用效果。结果表明,4%人参提取液对IHNV具有明显抑制作用,能够在16 h内保护细胞不受IHNV病毒的侵染,其中2 h时对病毒灭活抑制率最高达到51.5%,1~12 h内对病毒复制有持续抑制作用。研究可为IHVN防治药物的研发提供新的思路及参考。     

QTL for IHNV resistance and growth identified in a rainbow (Oncorhynchus mykiss) × Yellowstone cutthroat (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri) trout cross

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is a major constraint to rainbow trout culture. Yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri) have greater resistance to this virus than do rainbow trout (O. mykiss), but the genetic mechanism of this resistance is not understood. We conducted a genome scan using a backcross of cutthroat trout into a rainbow trout background to estimate the number and locations of quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with IHNV resistance and growth in trout. IHNV resistance was considered in terms of both survival (binary trait) and days to death (quantitative trait). The genetic map was scanned using interval mapping via two different approaches: one model considered survival alone and a second two-part model combined both survival and days to death. Three QTL were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) associated with virus resistance genome-wide, explaining 32.5% of the phenotypic variation. Cutthroat alleles at two of these QTL resulted in increased resistance to the pathogen, as expected. No growth QTL were detected in this cross. We suggest that these traits are genetically independent.     

传染性造血器官坏死病毒焦磷酸测序检测技术的建立

根据传染性造血器官坏死病毒(IHNV)基因序列,设计了IHNV最为保守的指纹序列,以及测序引物,建立了IHNV焦磷酸测序检测方法。对所构建的IHNV焦磷酸检测方法进行特异性试验和灵敏度检测。结果表明,所建立的方法特异性好,在8种鱼类病毒中能够特异性检测出目的病毒,检测方法灵敏度高,最低检出核酸量为10pg/μL。对建立的焦磷酸测序检测方法进行了实际应用研究,选取国内采集与进口的鱼类样本共计80批次进行IHNV检测。结果显示,焦磷酸测序检测方法可以有效的检出常规RTPCR不能检出的假阴性样本和弱阳性样本,该方法的灵敏度和特异性可以满足水生动物疫病检测的需要。     

国内养殖鱼类和进境鱼卵中传染性造血器官坏死病毒(IHNV)的检测及基因分析

用传染性造血器官坏死病病毒(IHNV)的反转录聚合酶链及该方法在来自国内养殖场的患病牙鲆和虹鳟及进口的匙吻鲟鱼卵中检测出IHNV,同时对扩增出的IHNV的DNA片段进行了序列分析。结果表明,从国内养殖的牙鲆和虹鳟中分离出的IHNV与IHNV的标准株RB-1株在序列上都具有98.1%的同源性,推导出在氨基酸序列上分别具有97%和99%的同源性。从进口匙吻鲟鱼卵中分离的IHNV与RB-1株在序列上都具有92.5%的同源性,推导出氨基酸序列有93%的同源性。系统发育树分析结果表明,从国内发病的养殖虹鳟中分离出的IHNV与进口匙吻鲟鱼卵中检测到的IHNV在进化上关系较为密切。     

四川地区一株传染性造血器官坏死病毒的分离鉴定及系统发育分析

2014年5月,四川省都江堰市某虹鳟养殖场暴发一种传染性疾病,幼鱼和鱼苗死亡率分别高达40％和80％.为探究此次疾病病因和流行规律,将病料进行解剖及细菌学检查、病理组织观察、人工感染实验、病毒分离、多重RT-PCR鉴定和系统发育分析.结果显示,病鱼主要临床症状表现为腹部膨大,体表发黑,肛门拖淡黄色黏液便,解剖见鳔壁、腹膜出血,胃胀气膨大和明显肠炎;细菌学检查为阴性;组织病理学上,头肾、肾脏和脾脏造血组织广泛性变性、坏死,肠黏膜下层嗜酸性颗粒细胞浸润与坏死,肝细胞变性、坏死形成局灶性的坏死灶,并在一些肝细胞胞浆内见嗜酸性包涵体.将病鱼的肝脏、脾组织研磨过滤灭菌后,腹腔注射20尾健康虹鳟,注射组均表现为急性死亡(累积死亡率=75％),并出现与自然发病鱼相同的症状.取病鱼组织匀浆滤菌液接种到鲤上皮瘤细胞(epithelioma papulosum cyprini,EPC),盲传3代出现典型的细胞病变效应(cytopathic effects,CPE).针对IHNV、IPNV与VHSV的多重RT-PCR检测显示自然发病鱼、人工感染病鱼和病变细胞均为IHNV阳性,扩增序列与IHNV核蛋白(nucleoprotein,N)基因同源性为99.9％.对分离株的糖蛋白基因“Mid-G”区域进行系统发育分析,结果显示该分离株与亚洲分离株聚为一支,属于JRt基因型.本研究首次报道我国西南地区养殖虹鳟中IHNV感染引起的疾病.     

Co‐infection of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus and Flavobacterium psychrophilum

Co‐infection of rainbow trout with infections haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and Flavobacterium psychrophilum is known to occur, and it has been speculated that a combined infection can result in dramatic losses. Both pathogens can persist in fish in an asymptomatic carrier state, but the impact of co‐infection has not been well characterized or documented. In this study, it was hypothesized that fish co‐infected with F. psychrophilum and IHNV would exhibit greater mortality than fish infected with either pathogen alone. To test this, juvenile rainbow trout were co‐infected with low doses of either IHNV or F. psychrophilum, and at 2 days post‐initial challenge, they were given a low dose of the reciprocal pathogen. This combined infection caused high mortality (76.2%–100%), while mortality from a single pathogen infection with the same respective dose was low (5%–20%). The onset of mortality was earlier in the co‐infected group (3–4 days) when compared with fish infected with F. psychrophilum alone (6 days) or IHNV (5 days), confirming the synergistic interaction between both pathogens. Co‐infection led to a significant increase in the number of F. psychrophilum colony‐forming units and IHNV plaque‐forming units within tissues. This finding confirms that when present together in co‐infected fish, both pathogens are more efficiently recovered from tissues. Furthermore, pathogen genes were significantly increased in co‐infected groups, which parallel the findings of increased systemic pathogen load. Extensive tissue necrosis and abundant pathogen present intracellularly and extracellularly in haematopoietic tissue. This was pronounced in co‐infected fish and likely contributed to the exacerbated clinical signs and higher mortality. This study provides novel insight into host–pathogen interactions related to co‐infection by aquatic bacterial and viral pathogens and supports our hypothesis. Such findings confirm that mortality in fish exposed to both pathogens is greatly elevated compared to a single pathogen infection.     

Characterization of susceptibility and carrier status of burbot,Lota lota (L.), to IHNV,IPNV, Flavobacterium psychrophilum,Aeromonas salmonicida and Renibacterium salmoninarum

In this study, susceptibility and potential carrier status of burbot, Lota lota, were assessed for five important fish pathogens. Burbot demonstrated susceptibility and elevated mortality following challenge with infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) by immersion and to Aeromonas salmonicida by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. IHNV persisted in fish for at least 28 days, whereas A. salmonicida was not re-isolated beyond 17 days post-challenge. In contrast, burbot appeared refractory to Flavobacterium psychrophilum following intramuscular (i.m.) injection and to infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) by immersion. However, i.p injection of IPNV resulted in re-isolation of virus from fish for the duration of the 28 day challenge. Renibacterium salmoninarum appeared to induce an asymptomatic carrier state in burbot following i.p. injection, but overt manifestation of disease was not apparent. Viable bacteria persisted in fish for at least 41 days, and bacterial DNA isolated by diagnostic polymerase chain reaction was detected from burbot kidney tissue 90 days after initial exposure. This study is the first to investigate susceptibility of burbot to selected fish pathogens, and this information will aid in efforts to culture and manage this species.