Effect of Heat Stress on Grain Growth, Starch Synthesis and Protein Synthesis in Grains of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties Differing in Grain Weight Stability

The effect of heat stress on the components of grain weight was analysed in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) varieties differing in grain weight stability. The wheat varieties PBW154, Sonalika and Hindi62 were raised in the field (New Delhi, India; 77°12' E, 28°40' N, 228.6 m a.s.l.) at three dates of sowing: 19 November 1992 (DOS I), 14 December 1992 (DOS II) and 18 January 1993 (DOS III). The late-sown crop (DOS III) experienced 6–8 °C warmer temperatures during grain development than the crop sown at the normal time (DOS I). The heat susceptibility index (S) revealed that grain weight was less susceptible to heat in Sonalika and PBW154 than in Hindi62. Heat stress reduced both the grain growth duration (GGD) and the grain growth rate (GGR). The grain weight reduction in PBW154 and Sonalika was mainly due to a reduction in GGR, while that of Hindi62 was due to a reduction in GGD. In vivo studies on starch and protein synthesis in excised endosperm at 15, 25 and 35 °C revealed that both processes were more thermotolerant in Hindi62 than in PBW154. The grain starch content was stable in Hindi62 while that in PBW154 was significantly reduced under heat stress. The grain nitrogen content at maturity increased in both varieties under heat stress. It was concluded that the heat susceptibility of grain weight in Hindi62 was mainly due to a reduction in GGD, although GGR, starch and protein synthesis were more thermotolerant in developing grains of Hindi62 than in those of PBW154.     

春小麦蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉含量间的相关与回归分析

本文通过对20个春小麦品种(或品系)蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉百分含量间的相关、回归、协方差分析,表明蛋白质百分含量与淀粉百分含量间为极显著的负相关;脂肪百分含量与淀粉百分含量间为极显著的负相关;蛋白质百分含量与脂肪百分含量间为极显著的正相关。并建立了淀粉、脂肪、蛋白质百分含量间的回归方程。在同一试验条件下,各品种(或品系)蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉百分含量变异系数的大小,在一定程度上反映出各品种在品质性状上的纯合程度。变异系数愈小,表明纯合程度愈高;变异系数愈大,表明纯合程度愈低。因此,在那些变异系数较大的品种(或品系)中,可选出表型性状与原品种(或品系)基本相似,而在品质性状上却有较大提高的优质新品系。     

马铃薯块茎淀粉组分高效检测体系的建立及应用

马铃薯块茎淀粉组分(直链/支链淀粉比AM/AP)影响淀粉特性以及决定其在食品和其他工业上的应用。AM/AP的测定对其合理利用以及选育特异淀粉组分的专用品种等具有重要意义。采用96孔板双波长法对马铃薯不同AM/AP比率标准样品进行测试,发现当测试样品AM/AP比率超过制作标准曲线的AM/AP比率(33.3%)时,测试结果明显高估直链淀粉含量。基于96孔板的碘染分析,建立了马铃薯AM/AP比率和最大吸收峰下波长的标准曲线:y=601.88x^0.0215,R²=0.9999。该方法进一步提高了测试准确度和应用范围。利用该方法测试了198个马铃薯品种(系)以及高直链淀粉组分的转基因块茎,明确了收集的马铃薯品种(系)的直链淀粉组成范围为17.4%～33.3%。新建立的马铃薯淀粉组分测试方法为高效准确筛选遗传育种材料以及改良淀粉组分株系提供了方便。     

Identification,Characteristics and Function of Phosphoglucomutase (PGM) in the Agar Biosynthesis and Carbon Flux in the Agarophyte Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta)

Agar is widely applied across the food, pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, owing to its various bioactive functions. To better understand the agar biosynthesis in commercial seaweed Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis, the activities of four enzymes participating in the agar biosynthesis were detected, and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) was confirmed as highly correlated with agar accumulation. Three genes of PGM (GlPGM1, GlPGM2 and GlPGM3) were identified from the G. lemaneiformis genome. The subcellular localization analysis validated that GlPGM1 was located in the chloroplast and GlPGM3 was not significantly distributed in the organelles. Both the GlPGM1 and GlPGM3 protein levels showed a remarkable consistency with the agar variations, and GlPGM3 may participate in the carbon flux between (iso)floridoside, floridean starch and agar synthesis. After treatment with the PGM inhibitor, the agar and floridean starch contents and the activities of floridean starch synthase were significantly decreased; products identified in the Calvin cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway, the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle were depressed; however, lipids, phenolic acids and the intermediate metabolites, fructose-1,6-phosphate were upregulated. These findings reveal the essential role of PGM in regulating the carbon flux between agar and other carbohydrates in G. lemaneiformis, providing a guide for the artificial regulation of agar accumulation.     

施钾改善木薯农艺性状及淀粉组分

以2个木薯品种’SC205’和’SC124’为研究对象,设置不施钾(K0,K2O 0 kg/hm²)、低钾(K50,K2O 50 kg/hm²)、中钾(K100,K2O 100 kg/hm²)和高钾(K200,K2O 200 kg/hm²)4个施钾量处理,测定收获期木薯的农艺性状、鲜薯产量及其构成指标、可溶性糖组分含量、淀粉组分含量等指标。结果表明:(1)与不施钾相比,施钾量达100kg/hm²以上时,能显著提高木薯株高、茎径、单条薯重;施钾量达50 kg/hm²以上时,能显著提高鲜薯产量,其中’SC205’和’SC124’的鲜薯产量增幅分别达59.2%～131.7%和51.4%～127.9%,在施钾量(K₂O)为100 kg/hm²时鲜薯产量达到最大值;(2)施钾量对不同组织可溶性糖组分含量及总淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量均有显著影响;品种与施钾量间交互作用对蔗糖含量具有显著影响,对其他可溶性糖组分及淀粉各组分均无显...     

玉米粗淀粉加酶挤压参数对抗性淀粉含量的影响

玉米粗淀粉是制作淀粉糖浆的主要原料之一,为探求玉米粗淀粉通过加酶挤压使玉米淀粉糖浆的DE和出品率增加、过滤速度加快、糖化时间缩短的原因,通过试验,用二次正交旋转组合试验设计安排试验,研究挤压蒸煮参数(套筒温度、物料含水率、螺杆转速、膨化中加酶量)对玉米粗淀粉中抗性淀粉含量的影响规律,得出通过挤压蒸煮技术可以使玉米粗淀粉中的抗性淀粉降低约4.5%,从而提高淀粉利用率。     

玉米淀粉/聚丙烯酸钠高保水复合材料的制备及性能研究

以玉米淀粉为原料,与丙烯酸发生接枝共聚反应,以过硫酸钾为引发剂,N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,制得玉米淀粉/聚丙烯酸钠高保水复合材料;通过干燥粉碎,进行性能测定,研究引发剂添加量、玉米淀粉添加量、丙烯酸和NaOH的中和度和交联剂添加量等因素对吸水倍率和耐盐倍率的影响。结果表明:在丙烯酸单体为50.00 g时,玉米淀粉添加量为10.00 g,引发剂添加量为0.15 g,交联剂添加量为0.02 g,中和度为90%时,生成的高保水材料性能最好,吸水倍率可达到240倍左右,耐盐倍率达到40倍左右。     

不同播期对高梁子粒淀粉含量的影响

以铁杂17号高粱为试验材料,研究了不同播期对高粱子粒淀粉含量的影响.结果表明:高粱子粒总淀粉、支链淀粉、直链淀粉含量和支链/直链淀粉比值随子粒灌浆过程推进均呈不断上升趋势,至成熟期达到最大值.其中,Ⅳ播期总淀粉、支链淀粉含量和支链/直链淀粉比值最高,为76.9%,69.1%和8.77;Ⅲ播期直链淀粉含量最高,为8.49%.适时晚播(沈阳地区在5月10～20日)可提高高粱子粒总淀粉、支链淀粉含量和支链/直链淀粉比值.改善占占质.高粱灌浆期气候因子的温度指标对淀粉积累具有重要影响,灌浆期间适宜淀粉积累的日平均温度为19.5～20.5℃.