Assessing common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) population structure in Mississippi Sound and coastal waters of the north central Gulf of Mexico

1. Population structure of highly mobile marine organisms can be complex and difficult to study, but it is important to understand how populations partition themselves within their environment for accurate assessment of both natural and anthropogenic impacts and successful management. The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill negatively impacted common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) within Mississippi Sound and the surrounding north central Gulf of Mexico (GOMx); however, little was known about their underlying population structure in these waters. Thus, it was unclear how many demographically independent populations were affected by the spill.
2. Common bottlenose dolphin samples were collected throughout inshore waters of Mississippi Sound and coastal waters of the north-central GOMx. Mitochondrial DNA control region sequence data and 19 nuclear microsatellite loci were analysed to determine how many populations are present and characterize their range throughout these waters.
3. Bayesian clustering and migration analyses identified two genetically distinct and demographically independent populations: one predominantly inhabiting Mississippi Sound and adjacent coastal waters, and a second population extending generally from offshore of Mobile Bay, Alabama, east along the Florida Panhandle. Neither of these populations align with the currently delineated management stocks previously used to estimate impacts from the oil spill on common bottlenose dolphins in this portion of the GOMx.
4. These results suggest that revisions may be necessary so that management stocks accurately represent the demographically independent populations present in these waters. Furthermore, better comprehension of underlying population structure will enhance impact assessments on common bottlenose dolphins and provide more appropriate baseline data to support future restoration and conservation objectives.

     

地平线上的灵动——浅谈凯瑟琳·古斯塔夫森的水景设计手法

水景作为设计中的重要元素之一,在美国风景园林师凯瑟琳·古斯塔夫森的手中,变得独具魅力和灵动。在她的作品中,无处不体现着对于水元素的独具匠心的应用。它变无形于有形,既能够塑造雕塑化的景观,又能够与地坪天空融为一体,通过对水元素的设计来不仅仅展示动人的景观,更能够成为场所精神故事的载体。本文针对凯瑟琳·古斯塔夫森的水景设计手法进行研究和分析。给现代园林设计提供一点借鉴意义。     

基于K-means聚类和图像分割的紫色土发生层边界识别

土壤学始于对土壤剖面及其形态特征的观察,剖面发生层的划分与发生层边界特征的描述是土壤调查的基础。实地划分发生层需要丰富的土壤学实践经验,存在主观和缺乏统一划分标准的问题。以紫色土剖面图像为研究对象,采用K-means聚类和图像分割技术,结合图像的颜色特征（CIE Lab色彩空间）和纹理特征（Entropy）识别紫色土剖面发生层边界,并与实地划分的结果进行比较。结果表明：（1）CIE Lab色彩空间的a、b通道和Entropy纹理特征,可以划分出供试剖面的主要发生层（A、B、C）和基岩（R）;（2）聚类识别的发生层数量和发生层深度与实地识别的结果基本一致;除Z2剖面的C层和Z6剖面的Ap层聚类识别与实地识别的发生层下边界深度相差较大（分别为13 cm和8 cm）外,其余发生层下边界深度相差均在3 cm以内;（3）聚类识别的发生层边界形状更为不规则,明显度更为模糊。K-means聚类和图像分割技术实现了紫色土剖面发生层边界的客观识别,可为土壤剖面智能辨识系统的开发提供科学参考。     

多菌灵、好力克及其复配对小麦赤霉病的防治效果

小麦扬花期喷施多菌灵是生产上防治小麦赤霉病的主要措施,为了延缓病原菌对多菌灵的抗药性,对不同作用方式的化学药剂混配及其对小麦赤霉病的防治效果进行研究。研究选用95%多菌灵原药和95%戊唑醇原药测定对小麦赤霉病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用,并将两者按照Horsfall方法进行不同比例的混配,对毒性比率较高的混配比例采用共毒系数方法验证其增效作用。结果表明多菌灵与戊唑醇按EC50剂量20:80的比例混配具有增效作用,在温室盆栽试验测试中50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂、43%好力克悬浮剂以及两者混剂的防效都达到了85%以上,而且混剂1000倍防效显著高于多菌灵800倍,可用于小麦赤霉病的防治。     

汉江上游郧县一级阶地发育土壤的诊断层特征及分类

阐明秦岭南侧北亚热带环境中以黄土为母质所发育土壤的诊断层特征及其对土壤分类的意义。选择位于汉江上游郧县前坊村的一级河流阶地土壤剖面为研究对象,对其粒度、磁化率、元素、矿物及结构进行了研究。结果表明,汉江河谷分布的土壤具有A-AB-Bt1-Bt2-BC-C剖面形态;Bt层具有“黏化层”的标志特征,并呈现黏磐的诊断特征,其黏化程度与中国典型黏磐湿润淋溶土有良好的可比性;黏土矿物以伊利石为主,少量高岭石,风化程度处在脱钙作用的后期阶段,尚未出现显著的富铝作用,达到中等成壤的强度;土壤类型可归为黏磐湿润淋溶土。     

南方山地丘陵土壤的黏化作用及黏化层的鉴定问题讨论

国内外文献中有关土壤黏化作用可分为淀积黏化、残积黏化和次生黏化等3种,但淋溶土鉴定的诊断层——黏化层的形成只涉及淀积黏化作用和次生黏化作用2种。中国南方山地丘陵地区土壤脱硅富铁铝化明显、土壤铝饱和度高、黏粒矿物中有较多的1:1型矿物,多数情况下难以发生淀积黏化作用。而次生黏化作用一般发生在温带地区,其气候条件主要为半干润。因此,除一些石灰性母质发育的土壤外,南方山地丘陵地区一般不具备淋溶土形成的成土环境。而该区某些土壤上下层质地的差异常常是漫长历史时期表蚀的结果,把这类上下质地差异的土壤划归为淋溶土不符合土壤发生分类原则。建议在《中国土壤系统分类检索》的黏化层定义中参照美国土壤分类系统中黏化层的定义,把盐基饱和（即盐基饱和度大于50%）作为鉴定黏化层的一个指标,避免在土壤调查中夸大南方山地丘陵地区淋溶土的出现范围,以解决南方山地淋溶土与雏形土鉴定上的不确定性问题。     

贵州省水耕人为土的形成、分类与分布规律

为了解中国西南山区水耕人为土的分布特征,促进土壤分类的定量化,利用2015—2017年笔者在贵州省调查的代表性土壤剖面的分析结果,结合贵州省以往的土壤调查资料,应用中国土壤系统分类的诊断分类方法探讨了贵州省水耕人为土的形成、分类、分布及其与成土环境的关系。结果表明,贵州全省拥有潜育、铁渗、铁聚和简育等4类水耕人为土,共鉴出11个亚类。出现的诊断层有“水耕表层”、“铁渗淋亚层”、“铁聚水耕氧化还原层”、“漂白层”等4个,鉴出的诊断特性包括“潜育特征”和“复钙作用”等2个。该省水耕人为土具有明显的有机质积累、粘粒淋淀特点,土壤酸碱度变化较大。研究结果表明,影响贵州省水耕人为土土类分异的主要成土因素是地形,简育水耕人为土和铁聚水耕人为土是该省水耕人为土的主要类型。     

几种药剂防治稻曲病的田间药效试验

以43%好力克SC 225 mL/hm2、43%戊唑醇SC 300 mL/hm2、30%苯甲.丙环唑EC 300 mL/hm2、30%已唑.稻瘟灵EC 1 200 mL/hm2和12%井岗.烯唑醇WP 1 125 g/hm2为试验药剂,研究了施药1次和2次时稻曲病的田间防治效果。结果表明：43%好立克SC、43%戊唑醇SC、30%苯甲.丙环唑EC、30%已唑.稻瘟灵EC施药2次对稻曲病的防效分别达到77.8%、76.9%、73.7%和72.1%,且各药剂处理均有增产作用,增产率为10.4%~12.1%。     

Marine Biotechnology: Challenges and Development Market Trends for the Enhancement of Biotic Resources in Industrial Pharmaceutical and Food Applications. A Statistical Analysis of Scientific Literature and Business Models

Biotechnology is an essential tool for the sustainable exploitation of marine resources, although the full development of their potential is complicated by a series of cognitive and technological limitations. Thanks to an innovative systematic approach that combines the meta-analysis of 620 articles produced worldwide with 29 high TRL (Technology Readiness Level) European funded projects, the study provides an assessment of the growth prospects of blue biotechnologies, with a focus on pharmaceutical and food applications, and the most promising technologies to overcome the main challenges in the commercialization of marine products. The results show a positive development trend, with publications more than doubled from 2010 (36) to 2019 (70). Biochemical and molecular characterization, with 150 studies, is the most widely used technology. However, the emerging technologies in basic research are omics technologies, pharmacological analysis and bioinformatics, which have doubled the number of publications in the last five years. On the other hand, technologies for optimizing the conditions of cultivation, harvesting and extraction are central to most business models with immediate commercial exploitation (65% of high-TRL selected projects), especially in food and nutraceutical applications. This research offers a starting point for future research to overcome all those obstacles that restrict the marketing of products derived from organisms.