荷斯坦牛初乳白利糖度值和初乳产量特征及影响因素分析

为探究荷斯坦牛初乳白利糖度值和初乳产量特征及其影响因素,本研究收集了北京地区某牛场2016年6月—2018年6月共1 257头荷斯坦牛初乳白利糖度值和初乳产量数据及对应的奶牛生产性能测定数据,利用SAS 9.2软件的GLM过程分析胎次、产犊季节和产犊年份对初乳白利糖度值和初乳产量的影响。结果表明:北京地区荷斯坦牛初乳白利糖度值为24.25%,初乳产量为6.52 kg,该试验场初乳品质较好;不同胎次、产犊季节和产犊年份对初乳白利糖度值和初乳产量均有显著影响;初乳白利糖度值随胎次增加总体呈逐渐增加的趋势,5胎及以上的初乳白利糖度值最高;初乳产量随胎次增加呈先增加后减少的趋势,4胎时初乳产量最高。综上,荷斯坦牛初乳白利糖度值对分娩母牛的胎次和产犊年份、季节等生理和环境因素的变化较为敏感。     

Effect of ruminal dosing of mechanical stimulating brush on rumination time, ruminal passage rate and rumen fermentation status in Holstein steers fed a concentrate diet

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of ruminal dosing of a mechanical stimulating brush on rumination time, ruminal passage rate and rumen fermentation status in steers fed a concentrate diet at maintenance level. Animals were dosed three Rumen Faibu (RF) per head through the rumen fistulae (RF treatment) and not dosed (control) in a change‐over design. The organic cell wall content of the concentrate diet was 12.7% of dry matter. Daily time spent on rumination was very short in both treatments with 24 min in RF treatment and 15 min in control. The turnover rate of ruminal fluid in RF treatment was higher than that in control. There were no differences in ruminal pH and total volatile fatty acid concentration between RF treatment and control. Acetic and butyric acid concentrations were not different between the treatments. Propionic acid concentration tended to be higher in the animals on RF treatment than in control animals. The RF dosing in Holstein steers fed a low fiber diet did not affect the rumination time, but increased rumen digesta passage rate and ruminal propionic acid production.     

Assessment of Negative Training on the Use of Cubicle Beds by Heifers

40 in-calf heifers were observed to examine the effect of timbers placing in passage area on their use of cubicle beds. Prior to the experiment preliminary observation was taken on these 40 heifers and they were divided into two even groups (cubicle user(or control) group versus cubicle refusal (or experimental) group by whether they properly used the cubicle beds or not. The timbers were placed in passage and feeding areas for the cubicle refusal group to force the animls to lie in the cubicle beds. The results of this experiment showed that feeding behaviour was unaffected by the presence of the timbers, but lying acitvity was about 8% higher for the experimental group, which led to a mean of almost 2 hours longer lying time over 24 h. After the timbers were removed, there was a significant decline in lying by the experimental group. The diurnal pattern of lying behaviour in cubicles indicated that the major effect on lying activity exerted by the presence of the timbers was seen during midnight to 10:00 a     

奶牛中草药抗热应激添加剂剂量的对比试验

40头荷斯坦泌乳牛随机分成4组,采用单因子试验设计,分别饲喂由基础日粮与不同剂量的中草药添加剂(每头·日0g为A组即对照组、25g为B组、75g为C组、125g为D组)组成的日粮。结果表明:干物质摄入量C、D组分别比对照组多摄入1.6kg、1.6kg。校正体重和乳脂的产乳量,C组、D组分别较对照组提高46.3%(P<0.01)和34.4%(P<0.01),且C组、D组乳脂率较对照组分别提高8.8%(P<0.05)、20%(P<0.05)。C组、D组红细胞数较对照组分别提高35.8%(P<0.01)、33.9%(P<0.01),而呼吸率则分别降低43.3次/分、47.2次/分、肛温分别降低1.2℃、1.1℃。对照组中暑死亡两头,其余组没有死亡。经济效益,C组、D组分别比对照组提高83.7%.、51.2%。     

西安荷斯坦奶牛群5个基因座位遗传多态性的PCR-RFLP分析

应用PCR-RFLP方法对西安荷斯坦牛的κ-en、β-lg、β-lg5′侧翼区、CSN1S2、IGFBP-3共5个基因座位进行了多态性分析。结果表明，在西安荷斯坦牛群中，没有发现携带CSN1S2^P等位基因的个体，其多态信息含量为0。κ-en基因座位呈现低度多态(PIC=0．2366)，β-lg、β-lg5′侧翼区、IGFBP-3基因座位的多态信息含量分别为0．3168、0．3689、0．4439，均呈现中度多态。κ-en、β-lg、β-lg5′侧翼区、IGFBP-3、CSNIS2基因座位的杂合度和DNA多态度分别为0．2742、0．3947、0．4879、0．4891、0和0．0255、0．0116、0．0333、0．0112、0。而且，在西安荷斯坦牛群中，κ-en、β-lg、β-lg5′侧翼区、IGFBP-3共4个基因座位均处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态，CSN1S2基因座位处于纯合状态。     

荷斯坦奶牛隐性乳房炎与乳用特征的相关性分析

随机抽取荷斯坦奶牛 472头 (1～ 11胎 )进行奶牛隐性乳房炎的检测 ,乳用特征性状 (楞角性、尻宽、尻角度、后肢侧视、蹄角度 )的线性评定 ,以及隐性乳房炎与乳用特征的相关性分析。结果表明 :奶牛隐性乳房炎的乳区阳性率与楞角性、尻宽、尻角度、后肢侧视、蹄角度的相关系数分别为 0 1171、0 10 3 0、0 0 681、0 0 180、-0 12 65 ,其中与楞角性、尻宽分别达到显著水平 (P <0 0 5 )的正相关 ,与蹄角度达极显著 (P <0 0 1)的负相关。奶牛阳性率与楞角性、尻宽、尻角度、后肢侧视、蹄角度的相关系数分别为 0 0 967、0 0 5 61、0 0 2 82、0 0 12 7和 -0 0 670 ,其中除与楞角性为显著水平 (P <0 0 5 )的正相关 (0 0 967)外 ,其余均不显著 (P >0 0 5 )。     

The effects of late gestation nutrient restriction of dams on beef heifer intake,metabolites and hormones during an ad libitum feeding trial

This study's objective was to determine if nutrient restriction during late gestation affected beef heifer feed intake, body weight (BW) gain and endocrine regulation during a 10‐week feeding trial. During the last 100 days of gestation, control (CON) dams were fed to increase body condition score (BCS). Whereas, nutrient‐restricted dams (NR) and NR dams protein supplemented 3 days/week (NRS) were fed to decrease BCS by 1.2. After parturition, all cow‐calf pairs were moved to a common pasture and fed in excess of requirements until weaning. At 15 months of age, heifers were randomly sorted into two pens and adjusted to a commercial total mixed ration over a 2‐week period. Blood samples and BW were taken at the initiation of feeding and on a biweekly basis for the duration of the feeding trial. Feed intake was monitored for 10 weeks using a GrowSafe System. After 10 weeks, an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was performed on 21 randomly subsampled heifers. During the feeding trial, NR heifers consumed more feed than CON and NRS heifers. Heifers from NR dams tended to increase BW compared to NRS and CON heifers when adjusted for initial BW. Heifers from NR and NRS dams had a greater increase in BCS compared to heifers from CON dams. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations during the feeding trial increased in NR heifers compared to the other groups beginning at 2 and 4 weeks respectively. Plasma leptin concentrations were increased in the NR and NRS heifers compared to the CON heifers beginning at week 4 of feeding. During the IVGTT at the conclusion of the feeding challenge, plasma glucose and insulin were increased in NR heifers compared to other treatment groups. These results show that nutrient restriction during late gestation alters appetite and endocrine regulation in heifer offspring.     

高微量元素苜蓿青干草在荷斯坦奶牛生产中应用效果的分析

本文在河南省黄河滩区根据荷斯坦奶牛的营养特点,在日粮中分别添加5%的高硒型、高硒钴型、高硒钴锌型和普通型苜蓿青干草,通过单因子对比饲喂试验来研究这4种苜蓿青干草添加后对奶牛生长和生产性能的影响。结果表明:和普通型苜蓿草干草相比,高硒苜蓿草干草不但能够增加奶牛的体长、胸围和奶牛体重,而且能够提高奶牛日产奶量8.6%,降低料奶比12.17%,提高饲料的转化和利用;高硒钴苜蓿青干草能显著地提高牛奶中乳脂含量的22.15%,高硒钴锌苜蓿青干草能显著地提高牛奶中乳蛋白、乳糖以及非脂固形物含量的9.28%、3.26%和4.69%。     

全乳添加小麦粉对荷斯坦公犊牛的屠宰性能及肉质的影响

对初生体重相近的20头荷斯坦公犊全乳饲喂至35日龄后,随机分为继续饲喂全乳的对照组和全乳中添加2%、4%和6%小麦粉的试验组,至90日龄进行测定,研究了对荷斯坦公犊的屠宰性能和肉质的影响.结果表明:在全乳中添加小麦粉可显著提高荷斯坦公犊的宰前活重、胴体重、净肉重、胴体产肉率和眼肌面积(P＜0.05),提高了肌肉的嫩度和脂肪含量(P＜0.05),且屠宰性能与肉质的改善效果随着小麦粉添加比例的增加而提高.因此,全乳中添加6%以内的小麦粉,既提高了屠宰性能,又能改善肉质.     

中国荷斯坦牛κ-酪蛋白基因第4和第5外显子多态性与泌乳性状的关联分析

 【目的】研究中国荷斯坦牛κ-酪蛋白基因第4和第5外显子多态性与泌乳性状的关联性,为培育高乳蛋白及高乳脂率奶牛提供参考依据。【方法】采用DNA测序、PCR-RFLP和CRS-PCR技术,对544头中国荷斯坦牛κ-酪蛋白基因的外显子4和5序列进行研究,通过SHEsis 软件和PHASE软件进行配对连锁不平衡分析和单倍型分析。【结果】发现6个新的SNPs,包括外显子5上A12907G、G12950A、C12989T、A13028G、T12980C共5个SNP位点,证实前4个位点紧密连锁;外显子4上A10996T共1个SNP位点。单位点基因型与泌乳性状关联分析表明,A10996T突变位点的TT和AT基因型个体乳脂率显著高于AA基因型个体(P＜0.05);T12980C突变位点的TC和CC基因型个体乳脂率、乳蛋白率分别极显著(P＜0.01)、显著(P＜0.05)高于TT基因型个体;紧密连锁的4个突变位点的DE基因型个体乳脂率极显著高于DD基因型个体(P＜0.01)。与泌乳性状的关联分析表明,共构建出7种单倍型,发现16种单倍型组合;其中H6H6单倍型组合个体乳脂率最高,H1H4次之;H1H4单倍型组合个体乳蛋白率最高;H5H6单倍型组合个体乳蛋白率及乳脂率最低。【结论】H1H4单倍型组合在乳蛋白率和乳脂率方面为有利单倍型组合,可作为选择高乳蛋白高乳脂率牛群的分子标记。