藏羊肝片吸虫病治疗措施

藏羊是青海地区农牧民群众养殖的特有羊品种,具有耐严寒、适应能力较强的特征。但在广大农牧地区,很多农民群众一直沿用散养养殖模式。整个羊群随着牧草的生长而迁徙,在放牧养殖过程中很容易受到多种寄生虫病的威胁,其中羊肝片吸虫病是威胁比较严重的一类人畜共患病。该文主要分析藏羊肝片吸虫病的流行病学、临床症状、病理变化、诊断方法和治疗措施。     

Plasma lipopolysaccharide elevations in cattle associated with early-stage infection by Fasciola hepatica

Fasciolosis is an endemic zoonotic parasitic disease with significant impacts on human health and both animal health and production. Early post-infection impacts on the host remain unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the changes, if any, to levels of endotoxin in cattle plasma in response to early-stage infection with Fasciola hepatica. Thirty-six (36) commercial bred cattle were experimentally infected with approximately 400 viable metacercariae. Plasma lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) levels were examined on 24 occasions from 0 h before infection to 336 h after infection using the Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate chromogenic end point assay and compared with that of six (6) uninfected control animals. Peak lipopolysaccharide levels in infected animals were reached at 52 h after infection and returned to pre-infection levels at time 144 h after infection. Infected animals had significantly elevated lipopolysaccharide levels between 24 and 120 h after infection when compared to uninfected animals. The mean change in endotoxin units (EU)/mL over time after infection was statistically significant in infected animals. Elevations of lipopolysaccharide occurred in all infected animals suggesting a possible repeatable and titratable endotoxemia conducive to therapeutic agent model development.     

Serum-gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GT) and aspartate-aminotransferase (AspAT) activities in adult cattle with chronic Fasciola hepatica infection

Sera from adult cattle with fluke-infected and normal livers were analyzed for γ-GT and AspAT activities. The analyses revealed no significant increases in either γ-GT or AspAT values of the animals with fascioliasis as compared with the non-infected animals. The advanced chronic stage of the infection characterized by hepatic fibrosis, limited injury of parenchyma and low fluke burdens may explain the lack of enzymatic increase.     

The effect of feed quality on the kinetic disposition of orally administered triclabendazole in sheep

The effect of two qualities of feed on the kinetic disposition of triclabendazole (TCBZ) metabolites was investigated in sheep (n = 4) following oral administration of TCBZ at 10 mg/kg body weight. The same sheep were given sequentially two qualitatively different diets: a low-quality (LQ) diet based on wheat straw ad libitum, and a high-quality (HQ) diet based on barley+alfalfa. The triclabendazole sulphoxide (TCBZSO) and triclabendazole sulphone (TCBZSO₂) concentrations were determined in blood samples taken serially from the jugular vein between 5 min and 9 days after TCBZ administration. The parent drug TCBZ was not detected in any of the samples. The quality of feed affected the kinetics of both TCBZ metabolites. The rate of appearance (T_lag and T_max) in the jugular blood was slower and the formed amount (AUC) of TCBZSO was slightly higher when the sheep were on the LQ diet (T_lag = 7.74 h; T_max = 27.91 h; AUC = 1042 g.h/ml) than when they were offered the HQ diet (T_lag = 1.90 h; T_max = 16.01 h; AUC = 832.4 g.h/ml). The MRT of TCBZSO was about 40% longer with the LQ diet than with the HQ diet. Similarly, the rate of appearance of TCBZSO₂ in plasma of sheep was slower when they were on the LQ diet than when they were on the HQ diet, suggesting an impairment of the hepatic enzymatic activity involved in the oxidation of TCBZSO to TCBZSO₂.     

小鼠感染肝片吸虫早期IL-4/IFN-γ及M2巨噬细胞标记分子的变化

为弄清肝片吸虫感染早期的主要细胞免疫类型及选择性激活巨噬细胞(M2或AAMΦ)标记分子的变化,本试验采用肝片吸虫囊蚴为感染源,经口分别感染雌性BALB/c野生型小鼠,运用特异性PCR鉴定成功感染小鼠后用间接ELISA对腹腔中IL-4和IFN-γ的水平进行测定,并对细胞因子IL-4、转录因子GATA3和M2的标记蛋白Relm a、Ym1分子的mRNA进行荧光定量PCR检测.结果显示,在感染后1,3,5,7周,从所获取肝脏组织中扩增的ITS2片段条带清晰,大小正确,测序后确定为肝片吸虫ITS2序列,表明肝片吸虫感染成功.对腹腔中IL-4和IFN-γ的水平测定表明感染组IL-4在感染后1,3,5周比对照组的显著增加(P=0.013,P＜0.01,P=0.02),但在第7周时无显著差异.IL-4的水平显著高于IFN-γ(P=0.011),而在第7周两者间无显著差异；对腹腔中IL-4、GATA3、Relm α和Ym1 mRNA水平的测定结果表明,感染后IL-4和GATA3 mRNA水平在第3周达到最高峰；于感染后1,3,5,7周,IL-4和GATA3 mRNA水平都分别显著高于对照组(IL4:P=0.01,P=0.012,P=0.023,P=0.014;GATA3:P=0.011,P＜0.01,P=0.032,P=0.014),但IL-4和GATA3间无显著差异；Relm α和Ym1mRNA水平都分别显著高于对照组(Relm α:P＜0.01,P＜0.01,P＜0.01,P=0.011;Ym1:P＜0.01,P＜0.01,P＜0.01,P=0.012),且二者间无显著差异,并随时间推移mRNA水平都呈下降趋势,于第7周达到最低水平.本研究成功利用肝片吸虫-小鼠模型研究蠕虫感染早期细胞免疫类型及M2标记分子的变化,发现在肝片吸虫感染小鼠早期主要引起Th2为主的细胞免疫.IL-4和M2巨噬细胞标记分子Relm α和Ym1在感染后1,3,5,7周都显著增加且具有相似的变化趋势,但nelmα和Ym1在第1周的高表达可能受诸多因素的影响还有待深入研究.     

Effectiveness of strategic anthelmintic treatments in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fasciola gigantica</Emphasis> in cattle in Iringa region,Tanzania

A longitudinal field trial was conducted to determine the effectiveness of strategic anthelmintic treatments in the control of gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes and Fasciola gigantica in cattle. A total of 167 cattle (6–18 months) from three large-scale dairy farms, four traditional farms and nine small-scale dairy farms were randomly selected. The selected animals on each farm were ear tagged and allocated into three groups based on live weight and treated as follows: Group T4 was treated with albendazole 10% drench at 10 mg/kg four times a year (mid rainy, end of the rain, mid dry and late dry/early rainy season). Group T2 was treated with albendazole 10% drench at 10 mg/kg two times a year (mid rainy and late dry/early rainy season). Group UT remained as untreated control. Faecal, blood and pasture samples were taken every month for 13 months. In addition, individual body weight (BWT) was measured on every sampling date. Results showed that two and four strategic treatments significantly reduced faecal egg counts (FEC) by 49.5% and 62.3% respectively compared to untreated control animals (P < 0.001). Two and four strategic treatments per year significantly reduced the proportion of animals passing Fasciola eggs in faeces by 30.6% and 51.7% (P < 0.001), respectively. Animals treated two and four times a year significantly outgained untreated animals by 14.8 kg and 17.7 kg respectively at the end of the trial (P < 0.05). The management system had a significant effect on packed cell volume and the proportion of animals passing Fasciola eggs in faeces (P < 0.05). The programme of two strategic treatments per year was only effective in controlling GI nematodes. It is concluded that a programme of four strategic treatments per year was effective in controlling GI nematodes and F. gigantica and improved weight gain.     

肝片形吸虫雷蚴与尾蚴的扫描电镜观察

肝片形吸虫的母雷蚴、早期子雷蚴、成熟子雷蚴及尾蚴表被结构经扫描电镜观察：在母雷蚴及早期子雷蚴的口孔周围有乳突分布；雷蚴的围领呈领圈样环绕，围领基部的一侧有一个产孔，产孔的开口处呈唇样的构造，从母雷蚴、早期子雷蚴至成熟子雷蚴的发育，其体表绒毛样构造日趋发达。尾蚴背部密布尖刀形棘，腹部具有许多不规则的突起，其间分布有许多微孔；口吸盘及周围无乳突分布，但在腹吸盘周围分布有排列整齐的指状突起。尾蚴体部与尾部相连处有一环形颈状结构，尾蚴尾干背面为一槽状的皱襞。     

Closantel缓释剂对实验感染肝片吸虫山羊机体自由基影响的研究

选用5只实验感染肝片吸虫山羊研究Closantel缓释剂对机体抗氧化功能的影响，实验用山羊每只一次性口服肝片吸虫囊蚴150个，感染后第15周随机将山羊分成对照组（n=2）和驱虫组（n=3），驱虫组每羊口服两颗Closantel缓释剂，每周定时采集颈静脉血液，检测血清抗氧化酶的变化，观察服用Closantel缓释剂对其的影响。结果表明投药后山羊血清中GSH－Px、CAT均有不同程度的升高，SOD变化不显著，而脂质过氧化产物MDA含量则下降，提示Closantel的缓释剂型对实验感染肝片吸虫山羊机体的抗氧化产生了影响，对机体有一定保护作用。     

实验感染肝片吸虫对大鼠肝脏药物代谢功能的影响

将 8 5只体重 2 5 0～ 35 0 g的健康SD大鼠 (雌雄各半 )随机分成感染组 (n =5 5 )和对照组 (n =30 )。感染组大鼠每只一次经口感染 2 5个肝片吸虫囊蚴 ,每周采血测定血浆天冬氨酸转氨酶 (AST)、丙氨酸转氨酶 (ALT)及碱性磷酸酶 (ALP)活性。于感染后第 3,6 ,9,11和 13周分别宰杀 12只 (感染组 8只 ,对照组 4只 )大鼠 ,测定其肝微粒体蛋白、细胞色素P 4 5 0、细胞色素b5的浓度和肝脏药物代谢酶活性。结果表明 ,大鼠感染肝片吸虫后 ,血浆AST、ALT、ALP活性分别在感染后 3～ 7周、 3～ 5周、 5～ 13周极显著上升 (P <0 0 1) ;肝体比上升 ;CytP 4 5 0浓度、肝脏药物代谢酶活性极显著下降 (P <0 0 1)。提示肝片吸虫感染对大鼠肝脏药物代谢功能有明显的损伤作用。     

抗大片吸虫ES抗原单克隆抗体的制备及特异性鉴定

用大片吸虫分泌排泄（ES）抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠，取其脾细胞与SP2/0骨髓瘤细胞融合，经筛选和3次克隆化培养后获得2株分泌抗大片吸虫ES抗原单抗的杂交瘤细胞（F5，F9）。经传代、冻存、复苏培养检测和染色体检查，证实其分泌单抗的性质稳定。通过间接ELISA试验证明，F5和F9单抗能与大片吸虫、肝片吸虫的ES抗原发生特异性反应，而不与它们的虫体抗原反应。SDS-PAGE电泳和Westerm-blot显示，F5McAb能与ES抗原的相对分子质量为26000-28000的蛋白条带反应，而不与其可溶性虫体抗原反应。表明F5McAb有ES抗原特异性，是一株具有潜在诊断价值的McAb。