联合国粮食及农业组织网上资源简介

在经济全球化和信息化的背景下,世界农业的信息资源日益电子化和网络化。本文拟就联合国粮农组织网上资源的主要内容和检索作一分析。     

参考作物腾发量计算方法的适用性研究

选用5种方法,利用陕西6站的气象资料,计算了各站逐日ET0。并以FAO56 Penman-Monteith(P-M)法为标准,对其它方法进行评价。结果表明,在陕西6地区,5种方法计算的ET0变化趋势基本相同,但数值上有一定差异,所有的差异随ET0的增大而增大。Hargreaves法计算结果差异性较小,适用性较好;1948Penman和Priestley-Taylor二方法估值较FAO24 Penman法更接近P-M法的计算结果;缺气象资料时,Priestley-Taylor法可获得较好估值,且更适用于湿润地区;FAO24 Penman法也能获得较好结果,但其估值精度低于Priestley-Taylor法,一般不宜采用。同时分析了P-M法计算的ET0值和水面蒸发量之间的关系,为利用水面蒸发资料估算陕西6地区ET0值提供参考。     

FAO可持续土地资源管理综合规划指南及启示

土地资源可持续利用是基于可持续发展的核心内容——资源的可持续利用而形成的，指对人类生存所依赖的物质资源，在追求经济效益最大的同时，维持和改善土地资源的生产条件和环境基础。在当前社会主义市场经济体制下,可持续土地资源管理的任务主要依靠政府严格的土地利用规划事先调节和控制，引导、限制或鼓励人们的土地利用行为，保证土地资源的合理配置和可持续利用。该文试图在分析FAO的土地规划的概念、内容、体系、成功的关键因素、及编制的步骤和方法基础上，展开探讨并对完善我国土地利用规划提出了借鉴意义。     

Exotic species,fisheries and conservation of freshwater biodiversity in tropical Asia: the case of the Sepik River,Papua New Guinea

1. Development of effective conservation strategies for freshwater biodiversity must take account of the trade‐off between species preservation and human use of ecosystem goods and services. The latter cannot be prevented, and attempts to manage ecosystems that focus solely on maximizing biodiversity will fail. 2. A compromise position of management for ecosystem functioning and human livelihoods — rather than preservation of every species — will provide a better basis for biodiversity conservation. This has implications for the management of exotic species. 3. There are some situations, in lentic habitats in Sri Lanka, for example, where the establishment of exotics has increased fishery yields without apparent detriment to native biodiversity. The Sepik River in Papua New Guinea provides another illustration of potential compromises between human livelihoods and biodiversity conservation. 4. The Sepik supports a relatively unproductive fishery. Two fish stocking projects (in 1987–93 and 1993–97), representing a partnership between the Papua New Guinea Government and the United Nations (UNDP/FAO), led to the introduction of a suite of exotic fish into the Sepik. Species were selected on the basis of their potential to occupy niches not filled by native fish. Unfortunately, the outcomes of these introductions are poorly documented, although there is preliminary evidence both of increased human use of exotic fish as well as declines of some native species associated with the spread of exotics. 5. Better understanding of the results of the Sepik fish introductions is important, because the pressures of burgeoning human populations in most of tropical Asia make it impossible to preserve near‐pristine environments such as the Sepik. While attempts to conserve natural or near‐natural systems must remain a priority, there is a need to develop strategies for the management of damaged or degraded ecosystems, which may contain exotics, with the aim of maintaining ecosystem functioning and, if possible, maximizing the persistence of native biodiversity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Accessing genetic resources: international law establishes multilateral system

The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture is rapidly gathering sufficient ratifications to become international law. Once it enters into force, it will define the rules for access and benefit-sharing associated with most genetic resources of major food crops. This paper explains how the new Multilateral System established by the Treaty will work, and points out a number of ambiguities and problems in the text. Despite these shortcomings, the Treaty provides the international community of researchers, plant breeders, and farmers with an opportunity to foster cooperation and further the conservation and use of plant genetic resources.     

东北丘陵半干旱区参考作物蒸散量计算方法比较

利用FAO Penman-Monteith公式、FAO Penman修正式和Priestley-Taylor公式对东北丘陵半干旱区观测到的气象数据进行了逐日参考作物蒸散量计算.结果显示,FAO Penman修正式的计算值比FAO Penman-Monteith公式的计算值平均偏大约16%,2种比较方法具有很好的相关性;而Priestley-Taylor公式的计算值与FAO Penman-Monteith公式的计算值相比,差异比较显著,是由于Priestley-Taylor公式没有考虑空气动力项对参考作物蒸散量的影响.因此,在东北丘陵半干旱区使用Priestley-Taylor公式计算参考作物蒸散量,必须根据不同月份对公式中的常数项重新进行修正.     

代森锰锌液相色谱法成功晋升为CIPAC方法的历程与启示

由利民化学有限责任公司自主研发的代森锰锌液相色谱分析方法,历时4年,终于在2019年德国布伦瑞克召开的第63届国际农药分析协作委员会(CIPAC)年会上顺利通过答辩,成功晋升为CIPAC方法。本文对此过程进行了总结梳理,以为我国农药标准方法走向国际提供借鉴。     

基于贝叶斯方法的FAO48.1区南极磷虾渔业资源评估

南极海域南极磷虾资源丰富,开发潜力已经得到世界范围的关注。由于南极海洋生物资源养护委员会（Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, CCAMLR）多年来始终将联合国粮食及农业组织（Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,FAO）在南极海域内设立的48.1区的捕捞限额控制在1.55×105 t,从而引发了众多争议,采用CCAMLR公布的2006-2015年生产统计数据,利用基于贝叶斯方法的非平衡剩余产量模型,对FAO 48.1区南极磷虾（Euphausia superba）的渔业资源进行评估,结果显示：当前48.1区南极磷虾资源的环境容纳量为（1.93～7.84）×107 t;渔业资源综合种群的内禀增长率为0.4～0.6;2016年48.1区南极磷虾的平均生物量为3.88×107 t;48.1区南极磷虾资源当前最大持续产量（MSY）为5.5×106 t;当前的触发产量远低于MSY的阈值,48.1区内南极磷虾资源几乎处于原始未开发状态。建议提高48.1区南极磷虾的触发产量至5.5×105t。     

Filling a blank on the map: 60 years of fisheries in Equatorial Guinea

Despite a scarcity of pertinent information, it has been possible to reconstruct time series of marine fisheries catches for Equatorial Guinea from 1950 to 2010 using per capita fish consumption and population numbers for small‐scale fisheries, catch rates and number of vessels for industrial fisheries and discard rates to estimate the discarded bycatch. Small‐scale fisheries, industrial large‐scale fisheries, domestic and legal and illegal foreign fisheries and their discards are all included. Total catches were estimated at 2.7 million tonnes over the time period considered, of which 653 000 t were caught domestically compared to 187 000 t reported by FAO. This shows that fisheries have more importance for Equatorial Guinea's food security than the official data suggest. In contrast to what is suggested by official figures, fisheries were shown to be strongly impacted by civil and political unrest; notably, they declined overall because of civil and political conflicts, socio‐demographic dynamics, and a growing role of the newly discovered oil resources, which directly and indirectly threaten the food security of the people of Equatorial Guinea.