禾本科小麦族三个物种的核型及进化关系分析

首次报道了禾本科小麦族3个物种的核型,二倍体长穗偃麦草2n=2x=14=10m 4sm(2SAT),核型属于2A型;假鹅观草2n=2x=14=8m 6sm(2SAT),核型属于2A型;中间偃麦草2n=6x=42=16m 20sm(4SAT) 6st,核型属于3B型;同时,根据Stebbins的核型进化理论和分支系统学的编序、赋值方法,对核型的4个重要性状进行了分析,结果表明在这3个物种中二倍体长穗偃麦草与假鹅观草进化程度基本一致,而中间偃麦草相对进化程度较高。     

长穗偃麦草EeSnRK2.6基因克隆及生物信息学分析

蔗糖非发酵相关蛋白激酶家族2(SnRK2)基因家族受各种逆境胁迫诱导表达,在提高植物的抗逆性中发挥着至关重要的作用。为继续深入挖掘有效的抗逆相关基因资源并为转基因小麦提供重要候选基因,基于同源克隆方法从抗旱、耐盐性极强的长穗偃麦草中克隆了EeSnRK2.6基因的cDNA序列,该基因全长1 096bp,编码364个氨基酸,推测分子量为41.73kD,等电点为5.98,是亲水性氨基酸,共有18处磷酸化位点和1处跨膜域。氨基酸序列同源性分析发现,长穗偃麦草EeSnRK2.6基因与其他目前已报道的抗逆效果显著的SnRK2家族基因有较高同源性,同大豆SnRK2.6基因同源性达到95%,且具有典型的丝氨酸/苏氨酸类蛋白激酶保守域。系统进化树分析表明,EeSnRK2.6与SbSnRK2.6属于同一进化分枝上。因此,推测该基因属于SnRK2基因家族成员,可能在参与逆境胁迫反应、增强植物的抗逆性中起着重要作用。     

偃麦草属3种植物的持水力和蒸腾速率

采用盆栽育苗法 ,对偃麦草属 3种植物的持水力和蒸腾速率进行了测定。提出了判定植物持水力的新概念 -拐点持水力。依此方法 ,毛偃麦草的持水力远大于偃麦草和中间偃麦草。毛偃麦草的蒸腾速率明显低于其他两种植物     

苗期46份偃麦草种质材料耐盐性综合评价

采用盆栽苗期模拟盐胁迫的方法,对不同NaCl胁迫下46份偃麦草种质材料的地上生物量、地下生物量、叶片枯黄率进行测定,并对其耐盐性进行综合评价。结果表明,随盐浓度的增加,偃麦草的地上生物量、地下生物量的响应机制并不一致,而叶片枯黄率则呈现上升趋势;46份偃麦草种质耐盐性存在较大的差异,地上生物量、地下生物量、叶片枯黄率半致死盐浓度变异系数依次为42.48%~43.37%,26.9%~38.6%,18.98%;隶属函数综合分析认为,偃麦草材料的耐盐性从强到弱依次为E35、E14、E42、E25、E31、E26、E39、E36、E41、E22、E15、E21、E19、E34、E38、E16、E44、E02、E03、E37、E07、E18、E49、E46、E10、E48、E30、E04、E06、E08、E50、E24、E17、E27、E43、E40、E29、E28、E32、E11、E33、E23、E09、E13、E01、E12。     

矮秆小偃麦异附加系31504的遗传分析：Ⅰ鉴定与细胞遗传

本研究利用细胞学和同工酶电泳等方法对小偃麦二体异附加系３１５０４进行了鉴定；并在不同遗传背景下．分析了异附加染色体的传递特点。结果表明，３１５０４为３Ｆ２／７Ｆ２易位的二体异附加系，其单体异染色体通过胚囊和花粉传递的频率平均分别为２８．９％和２０．２％，且与遗传背景无关。     

氮肥对5种偃麦草属牧草生长发育的影响

以5种偃麦草属牧草为试验材料,在增施氮肥后测定其株高、分蘖数、鲜草产量的变化,结果表明:增施氮肥后5种偃麦草属牧草株高、分蘖数、鲜草产量都显著增加。说明增施氮肥能够提高偃麦草属牧草的产量和品质。     

偃麦草种质资源外部性状变异及其形态类型的初步研究

对41份偃麦草Elytrigia repens种质资源的16个外部性状变异及其分布规律进行研究,并在对16个指标性状进行相关分析及主成分分析的基础上,对34份材料进行聚类分析。结果表明,偃麦草种内形态指标变异较大,变异系数为4.88%～33.30%,其中叶层高度变异系数最大,达33.30%,其次为旗叶长(26.03%),而种子宽度、种子长度、种子厚度、颖长、叶长变异较小,均在10.0%以下;海拔高度与偃麦草生殖枝高呈显著正相关(P0.01),与颖长呈显著负相关(P0.01),而在纬度上的相关性却呈现相反趋势;经度仅与穗下第1节间长呈显著正相关(P0.01);在对外部性状相关分析及主成分分析的基础上,通过聚类分析,在欧氏距离5.0处,34份偃麦草材料可被划分为高大型、偏高大型、特殊型、低矮型4个类型,且特殊型和低矮型均具有开发为草坪草的潜能。     

Control of Elymus repens by rhizome fragmentation and repeated mowing in a newly established white clover sward

Control of perennial weeds, such as Elymus repens, generally requires herbicides or intensive tillage. Alternative methods, such as mowing and competition from subsidiary crops, provide less efficient control. Fragmenting the rhizomes, with minimal soil disturbance and damage to the main crop, could potentially increase the efficacy and consistency of such control methods. This study's aim was to investigate whether fragmenting the rhizomes and mowing enhance the control of E. repens in a white clover sward. Six field experiments were conducted in 2012 and 2013 in Uppsala, Sweden, and Ås, Norway. The effect of cutting slits in the soil using a flat spade in a 10 × 10 cm or 20 × 20 cm grid and the effect of repeated mowing were investigated. Treatments were performed either during summer in a spring‐sown white clover sward (three experiments) or during autumn, post‐cereal harvest, in an under‐sown white clover sward (three experiments). When performed in autumn, rhizome fragmentation and mowing reduced E. repens shoot biomass, but not rhizome biomass or shoot number. In contrast, when performed in early summer, rhizome fragmentation also reduced the E. repens rhizome biomass by up to 60%, and repeated mowing reduced it by up to 95%. The combination of the two factors appeared to be additive. Seasonal differences in treatment effects may be due to rhizomes having fewer stored resources in spring than in early autumn. We conclude that rhizome fragmentation in a growing white clover sward could reduce the amount of E. repens rhizomes and that repeated mowing is an effective control method, but that great seasonal variation exists.     

长穗偃麦草EeHKT1;4基因的克隆与植物表达载体构建

采用RT-PCR方法从长穗偃麦草(Elytrigia elongata)中克隆得到高亲和K+转运蛋白基因,命名为EeHKT1;4,全长cDNA序列为1 977bp,开放阅读框1 722bp,编码573个氨基酸,与一粒小麦(Triticum monococcum)TmHKT1;4-A2的氨基酸同源性为94%。系统进化树分析结果显示,EeHKT1;4与单子叶植物HKT1;4亲缘关系较近。利用In-Fusion技术,成功构建了pBI121-35SEeHKT1;4-Nos植物表达载体,为长穗偃麦草EeHKT1;4的耐盐功能鉴定奠定基础。     

Cytological Evaluation and Karyotype Analysis in Plant Germplasms of Elytngia Desv.

Elytrigia Desv. is widely distributed throughout the world and is represented with species of various levels of ploidy including diploids, tetraploids, hexaploids, octaploids, and decaploids. The distribution pattern of these ploidy levels, however, is not well-defined. In this study, the levels of ploidy for 64 accessions of Elytrigia from 25 countries were determined with microscopic procedures. The results showed that accessions of E. intermedia and E. repens were grouped into three distinct levels of ploidy including diploids, tetraploids and hexaploids. For E. elongata, E. pontica, and E. caespitosa, it was found that two ploidy levels presented, and only one ploidy level was in those of E. hybrid, E. pycnantha, E. pungens, E. juncea, and E. alatavica. Karyotype analysis indicated that the karyotype formula of diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid of E. intermedia was 2n = 2x = 14 = 6m ＋ 6sm ＋ 2st, 2n = 4x = 28 = 2M ＋ 10m ＋ 16sm and 2n = 6x = 42 = 4M ＋ 18m ＋ 20sin, respectively. Furthermore, the karyotype formula of three germplasms in tetraploid of E. intermedia was 2n=4x=28 =2M＋ 10m＋ 16sm, 2n=4x=28=4M＋22m （sat）＋2sm and 2n=4x=28 =4M＋ 12m＋ 12sm （sat）, which were not completely uniform. Therefore, it could be suggested that the studies about chromosome constitution would be helpful for the detail understanding of the diversity of germplasm resource in Elytrigia and promoting the utilization in the crop molecular breeding.