粪水离心分离机的研制

从生产实践出发,根据畜禽粪便处理的需要,设计了9LF-4.0型离心机。锥形转鼓是离心力自动卸料离心机中的关键部件。文中叙述了转鼓的强度计算、振动计算、减振设计、锥角与过滤介质的选用等。通过猪场粪水和鸡场粪水的离心试验表明该机能满足畜禽场粪水固液分离的需要,并具有结构简单、价格低廉、操作方便、能连续作业等优点。     

粪水离心分离机的研制

从生产实践出发,根据畜禽粪便处理的需要,设计了9LF-4.0型离心机。锥形转鼓是离心力自动卸料离心机中的关键部件。文中叙述了转鼓的强度计算、振动计算、减振设计、锥角与过滤介质的选用等。通过猪场粪水和鸡场粪水的离心试验表明该机能满足畜禽场粪水固液分离的需要,并具有结构简单、价格低廉、操作方便、能连续作业等优点。     

Fluxes of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide from experimental excreta patches in boreal agricultural soil

Nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions were measured from experimental dung and urine patches placed on boreal pasture soil during two growing seasons and one autumn period until soil freezing. N₂O emissions in situ were studied by a static chamber method. NO was measured with a dynamic chamber method using a NO analyser in situ. Mean emissions from the control plots were 47.6±4.5 μg N₂ON m⁻² h⁻¹ and 12.6±1.6 μg NON m⁻² h⁻¹. N₂O and NO emissions from urine plots (132±21.2 μg N₂ON m⁻² h⁻¹ and 51.9±7.6 μg NON m⁻² h⁻¹) were higher than those from dung plots (110.0±20.1 μg N₂ON m⁻² h⁻¹ and 14.7±2.1 μg NON m⁻² h⁻¹). There was a large temporal variation in N₂O and NO emissions. Maximum N₂O emissions were measured a few weeks after dung or urine application, whereas the maximum NO emissions were detected the following year. NO was responsible on average 14% (autumn) and 34% (summer) of total (NO+N₂O)N emissions from the pasture soil. NO emissions increased with increasing soil temperature and with decreasing soil moisture. N₂O emissions increased with increasing soil moisture, but did not correlate with soil temperature. Therefore we propose that N₂O and NO were produced mainly during different microbial processes, i.e., nitrification and denitrification, respectively. The results show that the overall conditions and mechanism especially for emissions of NO are still poorly understood but that there are differences in the mechanisms regulating N₂O and NO production.     

3种常见花金龟生殖系统与生殖活动的研究

本文对山东省3种常见花金龟的生殖系统进行了解剖研究。详细描述了雌雄生殖器官的基本结构及其差异,并对其成虫的生殖活动作了观察,为深入研究奠定了坚实的基础。     

小蠹类森林害虫可持续控制的策略和方法

根据森林害虫可持续控制的理论和目标,以及小蠹类森林害虫发生的规律和特点,在总结和评价森林有害生物治理理论的基础上,提出了小蠹类重灾性森林害虫可持续控制的理论和与之相适应的行为调控、生态结构调控和种群密度治理的策略和方法.     

浅析营林技术与杨树天牛治理

危害吉林省洮南市杨、柳、榆等树种的主要蛀干害虫是天牛,笔者回顾多年来防治杨树天牛的实践,采用营林技术来治理天牛,可以实现有效抵制天牛危害。     

杭州地区蓝莓上金龟子的发生与防治

金龟子是为害蓝莓果实生产和扦插繁殖的主要害虫,对杭州地区蓝莓上的金龟子调查发现,金龟子发生种类主要为铜绿丽金龟(Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky)、东南大黑鳃金龟(Holotrichia sauteri Moser)和暗黑鳃金龟(Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky);3种金龟子在杭州地区1年均发生1代,成虫在4月初开始出现,盛发期为5月下旬至7月中旬。成虫通过取食叶片、花、果实给蓝莓果实生产和扦插繁殖造成危害。通过合理建园、春耕翻土、人工捕杀、设置防虫网,与化学防治相结合,进行综合防治,可获得较好的防治效果。     

The Effects of Agricultural Practices on Carabidae in Temperate Agroecosystems

Ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) occur in all temperate agroecosystems, and have been implicated as predators of many pests, including aphids, lepidopterous larvae, and slugs. Most are polyphagous, and some are primarily spermophagous. The species assemblage present in any particular crop is determined by multiple factors, but usually comprises a limited number of abundantly active species, which may be common to many crop types. Abiotic soil factors, especially soil type and moisture status are important in determining the species present. Crop type affects the carabid assemblage indirectly through cultivation practices and microclimatic changes. Any soil cultivation affects the carabid assemblage, but studies comparing ploughing with reduced tillage have shown varying results, according to local conditions. Pesticides, especially insecticides have a localised and short-term effect, as many carabids rapidly re-invade sprayed crops. The long-term effect of pesticide usage at a landscape scale is, however, more difficult to predict, and may have contributed to the observed decline in carabid diversity in the wider countryside. Whilst fertiliser application is generally beneficial to carabids, comparisons of conventional and organic farming systems suggest that localised short-term variations in species abundances are more important than the overall farming system used. Non-crop habitats are very important to Carabidae, as many use adjacent hedges and field margins for shelter, breeding or dispersal. But other features such as roads may act as barriers to dispersal. It is concluded that further measures need to be taken if Carabidae are to realise their potential in integrated pest management systems.     

牛背梁自然保护区植物群落和针叶树小蠹虫群落物种多样性研究

对牛背梁自然保护区的山麓农田-侧柏群落(群落Ⅰ),油松-华山松-锐齿栎群落(群落Ⅱ),油松-华山松-栓皮栎群落(群落Ⅲ),油松-华山松-辽东栎群落(群落Ⅳ),巴山冷杉-落叶松群落(群落Ⅴ),红桦-牛皮桦-巴山冷杉群落(群落Ⅵ)6种类型群落的高等植物及其针叶树小蠹虫的多样性等进行研究.结果表明:在山麓灌丛群落至针阔混交林群落之间,物种多样性指数、群落均匀度指数和物种丰富度呈递增趋势;在中山针阔混交林群落与巴山冷杉和落叶松群落、红桦-牛皮桦-巴山冷杉群落之间,物种多样性指数、群落均匀度指数和物种丰富度呈下降趋势.从总体来看,森林植被的多样性程度高于灌丛和草甸,阔叶林则高于针叶林.群落优势度指数的变化规律则与之相反.不同森林群落类型中针叶树小蠹虫的多样性、均匀度和优势度研究结果表明:针叶树小蠹虫群落物种多样性指数和均匀度由高到低的排列顺序依次为:群落Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅰ;针叶树小蠹虫群落优势度的变化趋势与之相反.不同类型的森林植物群落中,针叶树小蠹虫群落结构及多样性存在明显差异.生态环境复杂,植被丰富的中山针阔混交林群落中,针叶树小蠹虫多样性和均匀度指数均较大,但优势度指数低,小蠹虫大发生的几率较小.加强管理,促进森林生态系统的多样性和稳定性,对提高植物群落自身调控害虫种群数量具有重要意义.     

Species composition of Modellidae and Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) in a coppice woodland

A continuous sampling of canopy beetles was carried out to determine variations in the abundance, species diversity, richness, and composition of the Mordellidae and Cerambycidae in a coppice woodland. Changes in the abundance and the species richness were monitored at three heights in the forest throughout the season in 1999, using yellow and blue water pan traps. The results showed significant variations in the abundance of Mordellidae among the canopy layers, while little variation was found for Cerambycidae. The abundance, species diversity, and richness were generally greater in summer. The results showed distinct species compositions in both families among layers.