我国猪囊虫病的研究概况

囊虫病是一种危害严重的人兽共患病，在我国的发生率较高。近年来，我国学者在该病的流行病学、诊断方法、防制措施以及免疫预防等方面都进行了深入研究，本文就该病的研究进展进行了综述。     

Preliminary evaluation of Community-Led Total Sanitation for the control of Taenia solium cysticercosis in Katete District of Zambia

Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis is a zoonotic disease endemic in sub-Saharan Africa. It is associated with poor sanitary practices, free-range pig husbandry and lack of disease awareness in endemic communities. A comparative research was conducted with pre and post-intervention assessments in nine villages to evaluate Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) as an intervention measure for the control of porcine cysticercosis in Katete District in the Eastern Province of Zambia. Blood samples were collected from pigs for circulating antigen detection and a questionnaire focused on the household was administered to a total of 153 respondents whose pigs were examined (64 pre-intervention, 89 post-intervention), in order to obtain information on general demographic characteristics, pig husbandry practices, sanitation practices and associated knowledge and awareness of T. solium infections. The first sampling was conducted prior to the implementation of the CLTS and second sampling eight months after triggering of CLTS in the selected villages. A total of 379 pig serum samples were examined using the B158/B60 Ag-ELISA to detect T. solium cysticercosis, 104 pre-intervention and 275 post-intervention, of which 14 (13.5%) and 45 (16.4%) were positive, respectively. Wald test p-values were computed to assess significant differences in the variables of interest mentioned above for the pre and post CLTS. The research revealed that CLTS as a control measure did not significantly improve T. solium infections in pigs. The research also revealed that the sanitation practices and awareness of cysticercosis did not change. It is recommended that a longer term evaluation be undertaken when the villages have been declared open defaecation free. In addition, the research recommends that health education, mass drug treatment and pig vaccination be incorporated, as an essential component of prevention and control programmes for T. solium infections.     

诊断兔豆状囊尾蚴病的不同血清学检查方法的对比研究

本研究用兔豆状囊尾蚴的囊液作抗原，用皮内变态应、琼脂双向扩散试验、对流兔疫电泳、炭凝集试验、胶乳凝集试验和间接血凝试验，检测了兔三状囊尾蚴病的阳性血清及阴性血清．并分析、比较了各种方法在诊断兔豆状囊尾蚴病的应用效果和价值．结果问接血凝试验的效果最好，其次是胶乳凝集试验、炭凝集试验．但三种方法检测效果差异不显著，都具有简便、早期、快速、敏感、准确等优点，均可在现地推广使用．而皮内变态反应、琼脂双向扩散试验、对流兔疫电泳的检出率低，不适合用于兔豆状囊尾蚴病的免疫学诊断．     

斑点酶联免疫吸附试验诊断猪囊虫病的研究

通过Sephadex G-200层析提纯猪囊虫的囊液抗原和匀浆抗原,并以此抗原建立Dot-ELISA法来诊断猪囊虫病。该法在接到病料后1.5h内准确报告结果,结果判定不但简易直观,而且还可以作为技术资料长期保存。本法以硝酸纤维素膜作为载体,抗原用量、其他器材和试剂用量都大为减少,因而降低了检测成本。与四种寄生虫病(旋毛虫、弓形虫、细颈囊尾蚴、猪蛔虫)阳性血清不发生交叉反应。对按“四部”规程肉检确认为猪囊虫阴性血清42份,阳性血清17份,经 Dot-ELISA 法检测,其阴性符合率为95.24%,阳性符合率为100%,经三次重复,重复率为100%。对西宁市肉联厂的536份商品猪血清进行检测,其猪囊虫病阳性检出率为4.29%。试验结果证明,该法符合“简便、快速、敏感、准确、经济”的原则,尤其易于在基层推广应用。     

Risk factors for the prevalence of porcine cysticercosis in Mbulu District, Tanzania

To estimate prevalence of and risk factors for the prevalence of porcine cysticercosis in Mbulu District, Tanzania, 770 live pigs were examined by lingual examination in 21 villages. Structured observations and questionnaire interviews were used to assess pig rearing practices and household use of latrines. Associations between factors were analyzed using a Bayesian hierarchical model to obtain prevalence odds ratio (OR) and 95% Bayesian Credible Intervals (95% BCI). Prevalence was 17.4% (village-specific range 3.2–46.7%). Prevalence of porcine cysticercosis was considerably higher in pigs reared in households lacking latrines than in those reared in households that were using latrines (OR=2.04; 95% BCI=1.25, 3.45). About 96% of the pigs were kept under free-range conditions. This study suggests the need for further studies in order to design and implement effective prevention and control measures for porcine cysticercosis in Mbulu District, Tanzania.     

Control of the taeniosis/cysticercosis complex: future developments

Cysticercosis is due to the establishment of the larval stage of the zoonotic cestode parasite Taenia solium. The infection causes substantial human morbidity and mortality, particularly in several Latin American countries and parts of Africa and Asia, as well as economic losses in pig husban dry due to condemnation of infected pork meat. The life cycle of T. solium includes human beings as definitive hosts and pigs as intermediate hosts. Cysticercosis is acquired by the ingestion of eggs released by human tapeworm carriers, who become infected after ingesting pork meat contaminated with cysticerci. Taenia solium transmission has been associated with poverty, lack of sanitary services and practices of rearing backyard pigs with free access to the areas that villagers use as toilets, as well as cultural behaviour. Nonetheless, due to the recent increase of migration and tourism, industrial countries are also reporting cases of human cysticercosis. There are many epidemiological studies that have been conducted mainly in Latin American countries that have evaluated intervention measures for control of cysticercosis including the development and testing of vaccines. Furthermore, the involvement of international agencies and institutions, such as the World Health Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization and the International Livestock Research Institute, as well as the commitment of policymakers, scientists and field workers, are key means for the sustainable control and, hopefully, eradication of T. solium infections.     

猪囊尾蚴重组抗原和基因工程疫苗的研究进展

猪囊尾蚴病（Cysticercosis）是由猪带绦虫的幼虫囊尾蚴寄生于人或猪等而引起的人畜共患寄生虫病,是公认的世界经济病之一。严重威胁着人体健康,并给畜牧业造成重大经济损失,猪囊尾蚴病的免疫防治势在必行。然而在猪囊尾蚴病疫苗研究中,疫苗抗原的选择和来源一直困扰着兽医工作者。该文就近年来猪囊尾蚴病诊断重组抗原和基因工程疫苗的分子生物学研究进展进行了综述。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of larval and adult cestode infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

A study on the prevalence and seasonal incidence of cestode parasite infections of sheep and goats was carried out in eastern Ethiopia for 2 years (May 2003-April 2005). During this period, viscera including liver, lungs, heart, kidneys and the gastro-intestinal tract were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at four abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga. At the abattoirs the abdominal, thoracic and pelvic cavities as well as the muscle surfaces of all animals were visually examined for the presence of larval (cystic) stages of cestode parasites. The viscera were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University and were examined for larval and adult cestodes following standard procedures. The most prevalent metacestodes (larval cestodes) were Cysticercus ovis (Taenia ovis), Cysticercus tenuicollis (T. hydatigena) and hydatid cysts (Echinococcus granulosus). In sheep, the overall prevalence was 26% for C. ovis, 79% for C. tenuicollis, and 68% for hydatid cysts. Similarly, for goats, the corresponding prevalence was 22%, 53% and 65%, respectively. The difference between sheep and goats in prevalence of C. tenuicollis was significant. The high prevalence of hydatid cysts in both sheep and goats indicates that cystic echinococcosis/hydatidosis is a public health problem in these regions which requires implementation of control measures, including public health education, strict meat inspection and control of stray dogs. The results of the survey also implies that infections of small ruminants with these metacestodes are responsible for condemnation of substantial quantities of affected organs and muscles and therefore of direct economic importance. Intestinal infections with adult tapeworms of Moniezia expansa, Avitellina centripunctata and Stilesia globipunctata, and bile duct infections with Stilesia hepatica were also common in both sheep and goats. In sheep, the overall prevalence of these tapeworms were 61%, 20%, 24% and 39%, respectively. Similarly, the overall prevalence of these parasites in goats was 53%, 21%, 27% and 36%, respectively.     

猪囊尾蚴病的危害与防治

猪囊尾蚴病是猪带绦虫的幼虫引起人、畜共患的寄生虫病。它严重影响养猪事业的发展,使畜牧业造成重大经济损失,给人民身体健康和生命带来严重威胁。为有效控制和消灭猪囊尾蚴病,维护人民的生命和财产安全,笔者通过对病原特性、传播方式和主要危害进行浅析,归纳出一套有效的防治措施,给猪囊尾蚴病的防治提供参考。     

Towards the implementation of the "basket of options" approach to helminth parasite control of livestock: emphasis on the tropics/subtropics

The virtual reliance on anthelmintic drugs alone to control internal parasites of livestock is inappropriate and ultimately unsustainable. In the tropics and subtropics, widespread and high levels of anthelmintic resistance, particularly in nematode parasites of small ruminants, is rife. But more to the point, many farmers in these regions of the world are resource poor and cannot afford, or are reluctant to purchase drugs that may also be of dubious quality. As it is with any intervention, the benefits must outweigh the costs. This is not only in terms of conventional parameters such as reduced mortality and increasing productivity (meat, milk, fibre and traction power) of livestock, but also within the broad framework of helminths of veterinary/human importance, the aim should be a positive impact on reducing the threat of helminth zoonoses. However, understanding the issues involved and education of the end-users (farmers) is of fundamental importance, before any internal parasite control program should be promoted. Within the above context, we provide examples of how the "basket of options" approach could be adopted for the control of three quite disparate helminth problems in the tropics and subtropics, viz.: strongyle nematode infections of donkeys, the Taenia solium cysticercosis/taeniosis problem of pig and man and Haemonchus contortus infections in small ruminants. The "best practice" approaches can be defined as those "basket of options" that are practical, affordable, available and appropriate, whether to the commercial producer, or to the resource-poor farmer. Constraints that may restrict applying such options are accessibility to, and affordability of, suitable remedies and above all, the availability of information needed to make informed decisions in this regard.