Anti-Müllerian Hormone as a Diagnostic Marker for Equine Cryptorchidism in Three Cases with Equivocal Testosterone Concentrations

Cryptorchidism is a developmental disorder which can be diagnosed by a variety of different tests. Still, equine field veterinarians often rely on endocrine markers to detect retained testicular tissue. This report describes the value of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) as a diagnostic marker for cryptorchidism in three stallions suspected of cryptorchidism, with equivalent serum testosterone concentrations. A single measurement of AMH identified cryptorchidism, with inconclusive testosterone concentrations as either gelding or stallion. Furthermore, a human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) stimulation test or surgery was performed to support the diagnostic value of AMH. To conclude, the endocrine panel for cryptorchidism should be expanded to include determination of serum AMH, as this determination can increase the diagnostic accuracy of a single blood sample.     

Occurrence of congenital disorders in Swiss sheep

Background

The rates of congenital disorders in Swiss sheep were determined by a questionnaire which was sent to 3,183 members of the Swiss Sheep Breeders’ Association.

Findings

A total of 993 questionnaires were returned, giving a response rate of 31.2%. Of these, 862 questionnaires originated from farms keeping one of the predominant Swiss sheep breeds: Swiss White Alpine sheep, Brown-Headed Meat sheep, Swiss Black Brown Mountain sheep and Valais Blacknose sheep. During a 10-year-period, entropion was reported in 33.6% of the farms, brachygnathia inferior in 29.5%, abdominal/umbilical hernia in 15.9%, cryptorchidism in 10.5% and torticollis in 10.5%. The most significant difference between the four breeds (P < 0.001) occurred for entropion in Swiss White Alpine sheep and Brown-Headed Meat sheep, brachygnathia inferior in Swiss Black Brown Mountain sheep, and scrotal/inguinal hernia in Valais Blacknose sheep. The Swiss White Alpine breed showed a significantly higher animal prevalence of entropion (6.2% in 2011 and 5.5% in 2012) than other breeds (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

These findings indicate a breed-specific necessity for action, particularly regarding Swiss animal welfare legislation, especially entropion in Swiss White Alpine sheep is concerned. In general, careful selection of breeding stock is to be recommended.     

Decision Making for Cryptorchid Castration; a Retrospective Analysis of 280 Cases

The location of an undescended testicle influences the choice of surgical technique for efficient cryptorchid castration. We review a standardized protocol for preoperative examination to dictate surgical approach to cryptorchidism. Cases are split into two periods: 2004–2006 and 2007–2014. In 2004–2006, conventional cryptorchidectomy and laparoscopic cryptorchid castration (standing) were both offered, but the choice of technique was based primarily on owners' preference for a recumbent or standing procedure. In 2007–2014, ultrasonography was used to locate the testes and dictate the preferred surgical approach; for abdominal testes, laparoscopic intraabdominal spermatic cord ligation without orchidectomy was preferred and for inguinal testes, conventional open orchidectomy. The numbers of animals requiring a second procedure to complete castration were compared between the two periods. In addition, failure rates for individual testes grouped by location were determined separately for the different techniques, and the value of preoperative ultrasonography to locate the retained testes was assessed. In 2004–2006, 15.3% (20/131) of the cryptorchids needed more than one surgery to complete castration, compared to 0.7% (1/144) in 2007–2014. Failure rates for laparoscopic castration were 0/168 (0%) for abdominal, 3/40 (7.5%) for inguinal, and 9/55 (16.4%) for scrotal testes; for conventional castration, failure was recorded for 3/12 (25%) abdominal and 0/92 (0%) inguinal testes. For 94% (156/166) of retained testes, ultrasound-based preoperative advice on surgical approach was correct. Using a standardized preoperative examination to determine choice of surgical technique significantly (P < .001) reduced the number of second surgeries needed to complete castration. Preoperative ultrasound is therefore a useful aid to determining the surgical approach to cryptorchid castration.     

1例贵宾犬单侧隐睾病的诊断与治疗

隐睾是公犬常见的泌尿生殖系统畸形,会导致其生育能力下降甚至不育,是影响生殖健康的潜在风险。对1例贵宾犬隐睾病的诊断、手术治疗及疗效进行了介绍。     

Polymorphism Analysis of Microsatellites Associated with Seven Candidate Genes for Equine Cryptorchidism

Association of seven candidate genes with cryptorchidism was investigated in the Thoroughbred. A pedigree composed of 23 cryptorchids and 24 nonaffected horses, sharing a common ancestor, was constituted. Sixteen microsatellite markers were developed either from bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC) isolated for each candidate gene or by in silico screening. DNA from our pedigree was genotyped for these microsatellites. Statistical analysis of the allelic and genotypic frequencies observed with these markers did not reveal any association between the candidate genes and the cryptorchidism phenotype in our horse panel.