Effect of Partial Replacement of Steam Rolled Corn With Soybean Hulls or Prickly Pear Cactus in the Horse's Diet in the Presence of Live Saccharomyces cerevisiae on In Vitro Fecal Gas Production

The aim of the study was to evaluate the fecal fermentation of partial replacing steam rolled corn with soybean hulls (SH) or prickly pear cactus (PC) as energy source in horse diets, in the presence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Steam rolled corn was replaced with SH at 0% (control), 7.5% (SH75), and 15% (SH150) in the first trial, whereas it was replaced with PC at 0% (control; the same of the first trial), 7.5% (PC75), and 15% (PC150) in the second trial. Yeast of S. cerevisiae was added at 0, 2, and 4 mg/g dry matter (DM) of incubated substrates. Fecal inoculum was obtained from four adult English Thoroughbred horses fed on an amount of commercial concentrate and oat hay ad libitum. Interactions observed between PC rations and yeast doses for the asymptotic gas production (GP), the rate of GP and carbon dioxide (CO₂) production during some incubation hours. Moreover, with no effect due to SH rations (P > .05), increased (P < .05) rate of GP was observed with the ration PC75 compared with other rations. Besides, PC75 and PC150 rations with 0 mg yeast/g DM linearly decreased (P < .05) CO₂ production at some incubation hours. However, SH75 and SH150 ration had increased (P = .005) DM degradability (DMD). Yeast addition at 2 mg/g DM increased the asymptotic GP (P = .048) with the SH75 and PC150 rations. The level of 4 mg yeast/g DM increased the asymptotic GP (P = .048) from the SH150 ration. Yeast addition at 2 and 4 mg/g DM increased (P < .05) ​the asymptotic GP from PC75 and PC150 rations, respectively, with increasing DMD with the both doses. Yeast addition increased (P < .05) CO₂ production from SH75, SH150, PC75, and PC150 rations. It could be concluded that SH and PC can replace steam rolled corn at levels of 7.5% to 15% without negative effect of fermentation kinetics and with better fermentation performance in the presence of yeast at 2 mg/g DM of substrates.     

仙人掌超氧化物歧化酶提取与纯化工艺研究

为了实现对仙人掌资源的深度开发利用,试验研究了以规模化种植的食用仙人掌为材料,提取和纯化SOD的工艺路线和相关参数。去除新鲜仙人掌表面的刺和蜡质、清洗、榨汁、粗滤、超声波处理、离心,得仙人掌粗酶液,再经热处理、硫酸铵盐析和SephadexG-100柱层析分离纯化,高分子聚合物脱水,真空冷冻干燥,获得仙人掌SOD粗酶粉,得率为13.3mg/100g.fw,酶活力为860U/mg。超声波处理能够显著降低仙人掌原浆的黏稠度,提高出汁率,相应提高从原浆里提取SOD的得率。通过正交试验,超声波功率600W、温度40℃与时间20min的组合,所得仙人掌汁液SOD活力收率最高,达215.6U/mL。硫酸铵饱和度40%和85%分别用于除杂质和沉淀SOD目标蛋白具有纯化和浓缩的双重效果。     

仙人掌多糖提取工艺优化

采用均匀设计试验法,对影响仙人掌多糖提取的料液比、提取时间、提取温度等因素进行了试验,并进行了通径分析。结果表明,因素重要性依次为提取温度(X_3)>提取时间(X_2)>料液比(X_1)。标准回归方程:Y'=-0.434 8X'_2+0.533 5X'_2+1.114 6X'_3,具有统计学意义。三因素的最佳理论组合水平:料液比(X_1)为1:30;提取时间(X_2)为60 min;提取温度(X_3)为90℃。分析也表明,均匀设计方案与通径分析在仙人掌多糖提取工艺优化方面的应用是成功的,值得在化工工艺方面推广应用。     

保健馒头制作工艺研究

[目的]为研制营养丰富的绿色保健食品提供理论依据。[方法]在发酵面团中添加适量的仙人掌汁、砂仁汁和柠檬酸制作保健馒头。[结果]在250g面粉中加入50g4m仙人掌汁、30g砂仁汁蒸制的馒头色泽、弹性不佳,表面不光滑;加入70g仙人掌汁时馒头的弹性延伸性不好：加入90g仙人掌汁时,馒头的弹性佳,表面光滑。加入25g砂仁汁时馒头的结构好,异味较小;加入30和35g砂仁汁时馒头的比容较大,弹性较好,但馒头中有异味。加入0．6％柠檬香精时馒头的比客气味改良和口感比较好。影响馒头品质的因素为：砂仁汁〉仙人掌汁〉柠檬酸。最好的组合为：面粉250g＋仙人掌汁90g＋砂仁汁25g＋柠檬香精0．6％。[结论]该研究为药食资源的综合开发奠定了基础。     

Biochemical and Nutritional Characterization of Three Prickly Pear Species with Different Ripening Behavior

Biochemical and nutritional changes were studied during the ripening process of three Opuntia morphospecies with different ripening behavior: Naranjona (O. ficus-indica), Blanca Cristalina (Opuntia sp.), and Esmeralda (Opuntia sp.) of early, early-intermediate, and intermediate-late ripening, respectively. In loss of fresh weight, Naranjona showed the highest values, while in Blanca Cristalina and Esmeralda, a discrete weight loss was found. No significant differences were found among morphospecies in soluble solids, total titratable acidity and pH during the postharvest days. Blanca Cristalina and Esmeralda showed an increase in the content of carotenoids, while these diminished in Naranjona. The cell wall enzymes evaluated showed particular behaviors during the ripening of each morphospecies suggesting a fine biochemical control and not a clear relationship between fruit softening and enzyme activity. This study provides basic information on prickly pear ripening, in order to understand this process for its control and for improving shelf life.     

Effects of feeding high levels of cactus (Opuntia fícus-indica Mill) cladodes on urinary output and electrolyte excretion in goats

A study was conducted to determine the effects of feeding spineless cactus cladodes on diuresis and urinary electrolyte excretion in goats. Five bucks were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square experiment with 17-day periods. Experimental diets contained (g/kg dry matter (DM) basis) 370, 470, 570, 670, and 770 spineless cactus cladodes. Water consumption from feed and urine output increased linearly (P < 0.05) as the level of cactus cladodes in the diet increased. However, water intake from drinking was low and unaffected by cactus cladode level. Creatinine clearance and urinary Na excretion were similar for all dietary treatments while K excretion decrease linearly (P < 0.05) as the level of cactus cladodes in the diet increased. Feeding cactus cladodes caused diuresis and reduced urinary K excretion in goats. Possible reasons for these effects include water over-consumption from cactus cladodes and high dietary K intake.     

食用仙人掌‘米邦塔’的试管快繁

 对食用仙人掌‘米邦塔’的试管快繁研究结果表明: 初代培养基以MS + 6-BA 0.6 mg·L^-1 +NAA 1.0 mg·L^-1 + 2 ,4-D 0.1 mg·L^-1为最佳处理, 接种60 d 后, 外植体上刺座下的潜伏芽萌发率可达67 %。继代增殖培养适宜培养基为MS + 6-BA 0.1 mg·L^-1 + NAA 1.0 mg·L^-1 + 2 ,4-D 0.2 mg·L^-1 或MS + 6-BA 0.1mg·L^-1 + NAA 0.5 mg·L^-1 , 平均每50 d 继代增殖培养1 次, 增殖倍数可达5～6 , 且新生的小子茎生长旺盛。在培养过程中, 虽然部分外植体切口处发生大团绿色至黄绿色小颗粒状愈伤组织, 然而均没有分化不定芽。在生根培养基MS + IAA 0.1 mg·L^-1 或MS + IBA 0.1 mg·L^-1 上, 2～3 cm 高的小子茎培养10 d 左右发根,形成完整植株。当试管苗高达5 cm时移入砂床, 成活率高达99 %, 经约60 d , 试管苗发出第一批掌片。     

米帮塔食用仙人掌的营养成分分析

对引进的蔬菜品种-米帮塔食用仙人掌的营养成分(碳水化合物,蛋白质及氨基酸、脂类及脂肪酸、有机酸、维生素、微量元素)进行了分析,与从国外引种的西红柿、南瓜、胡萝卜等比较发现,米帮塔仙人掌碳水化合物、蛋白质及脂类含量低,氨基酸以谷氨酸为主,有机酸中苹果酸、酒石酸、草酸含量高,果胶含量高,微量元素特别是人体必需的钙、镁、铁、锌含量高.     

几种植物提取物对梨果仙人掌斑点病菌的抑制活性

采用苦豆子地上部分、多枝柽柳地上部分和蓝桉果实提取物对梨果仙人掌斑点病菌进行了室内抑制活性测定。结果表明,苦豆子乙醇粗提物和氯仿部分对梨果仙人掌斑点病原细菌生长具有明显的抑制作用,推测苦豆子中抗菌活性成分主要为生物碱。多枝柽柳各提取物除石油醚部分外,均表现出不同程度的抑制作用,正丁醇部分抑制作用最强,其次是乙酸乙酯部分,水部分的抑制作用最弱。蓝桉果实各极性部分对梨果仙人掌斑点病菌均表现出不同程度的抑制作用。从蓝桉果实乙酸乙酸部分中分离的6个纯化合物中,β-谷甾醇对仙人掌斑点病菌的最低抑制浓度(MIC)为0.2 mg/mL,桦木酮酸、白桦脂酸和熊果酸的MIC均为0.6 mg/mL,其他两个化合物蓝桉醇和β-桉叶油醇未检测到MIC。     

有r个悬挂点仙人掌图的零阶广义Randic指数的界

设G为一简单连通图,则G的零阶广义Randic指数定义为Rα0(G)=∑ν∈V(G)dα(ν),其中d(v)为顶点ν的度数,α为非0和1的实数.图G称之为仙人掌图,如果G的每一块要么是一条边,要么是一个圈.本文研究有r个悬挂点仙人掌图的零阶广义Randic指数的界.L(n,r)、G(n,r)、H(n,r)、M(n,r)、N(n,r)分别表示一类图.当α<0时,Rα0G)取得极大值当且仅当G∈M(n,r),Rα0取得极小值当且仅当G∈N(n,r);当0<α<1时,Rα0取得极大值当且仅当G∈N(n,r),Rα0取得极小值当且仅当G∈M(n,r);当α>1时,Rα0取得极大值当且仅当G∈G(n,r),Rα0取得极小值当且仅当G∈H(n,r).