Reducing Ammonia Volatilization from Maize Fields with Separation of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Water in an Alternating Furrow Irrigation System

The objective of this 2-yr field trial, with a central composite rotatable design, was to assess and quantify the effects of separation of nitrogen fertilizer and water with alternating furrow irrigation （SNWAFI） practices on soil ammonia （NH3） emission during the summer maize （Zea mays L.） growing season. Ammonia volatilization after N sidedress and irrigation ranged from 4.8 to 17.0 kg N ha-1 and 6.2 to 20.6 kg N hal, respectively, in 2008 and 2009. The lower N input contributed to lower NH3 loss but lower yield, whereas the higher N input induced higher yield as well as higher NH3 loss. Ammonia intensity （NH3 volatilization per crop yield） after N sidedress and irrigation was 1.2-3.0 kg NH3-N t-1 yield in 2008 and 1.1-3.2 kg NH3-N t1 yield in 2009. The predicted minimum NH3 intensity in 2008 was 1.6 kg NH3-N fl yield and was obtained with the combined application of 127 kg N ha^-1 and 108 mm irrigation water. In 2009, the predicted minimum NH3 intensity was 1.3 kg NH3-N t-j yield and was obtained with the combined application of 101 kg N ha-1 and 83 mm irrigation water. We conclude that SNWAFI practices with optimum rates of water and fertilizer can significantly reduce soil NH3 intensity and maintain yield. It was more beneficial for sustainable farming strategies to minimize the NH3 intensity rather than reduce absolute NH3 emissions alone.     

基于响应面分析方法的氧化乐果降解条件优化

[目的]采用响应曲面法对影响氧化乐果降解的因素进行优化。[方法]选取5个因素pH值（A）、接种量（B）、装液量（C）、温度（D）和摇床转速（E）的最佳水平范围进行研究。通过对二次多项回归方程求解获得氧化乐果降解的最佳条件。[结果]氧化乐果降解的优化条件为：pH值7.10,接种量9.46%,装液量86.38ml,培养温度30.25℃和摇床转速165.32r/min。在此最优条件下,氧化乐果的降解率最大,响应预测值为71.78%,验证值为71.40%。[结论]该研究为降低氧化乐果对动物体的危害提供科学依据。     

桦褐孔菌液体深层发酵条件优化研究

以生物量为指标,研究了对桦褐孔菌液体深层发酵影响较大的主要因素,即温度、发酵时间、初始pH、接种量、摇床转速,并运用中心旋转组合设计法对发酵条件进行了优化,确定了其最佳范围。结果表明,5个因子对生物量的影响由大到小依次为初始pH、发酵时间、接种量和摇床转速、温度,而当温度、发酵时间、初试pH、接种量和摇床转速分别为28.6℃,125 h,5.9,10.5%和135r/min时,获得的生物量最大,为22.91 g/L。     

Optimization of lipase-catalyzed synthesis of palm amino acid surfactant using response surface methodology (RSM)

Amino acid surfactants are high-value surfactants which have excellent emulsifying characteristics and minimal toxicity to the living body. Enzymatic synthesis of palm kernel amino acid surfactant was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) using palm kernel olein (PKO) and l(+)-lysine catalyzed by Lipozyme RM IM. The reaction was performed in batch mode stirred tank reactor (STR) with one multi-bladed impeller. A central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was employed to evaluate the interactive effects of various parameters. The parameters were temperature (A): (40.00–70.00 °C), impeller speed (B): (100.00–400.00 rpm), substrates ratio (C): (1.00–4.00 mmol) and enzyme amount (D): (5.00–8.00 g). The optimum condition derived via RSM at fixed reaction time of 24 h was temperature; 47.50 °C, impeller speed; 323.96 rpm, substrates ratio; 3.25 mmol and enzyme amount; 7.25 g. The experimental yield was 89.03% under the optimum condition, which compared well with the maximum predicted value of 93.77%.     

甲胺磷降解菌响应曲面法优化研究

从受甲胺磷污染的土壤中分离筛选出甲胺磷降解菌,采用响应曲面法对影响降解菌的5个因素培养温度(X1)、pH值(X2)、甲胺磷的浓度(X3)、装液量(X4)、接种量(X5)的最佳水平范围进行了研究。通过对二次多项回归方程求解得知,在上述自变量取值分别为:温度28℃,pH值7.0,甲胺磷浓度1 500 mg/L,装液量100 mL,接种量10%时,甲胺磷降解率为最大,预测值为73.65%。