Liver biopsy techniques for adult horses and neonatal foals to assess copper status

Objective To evaluate standing, percutaneous, ultrasound-guided, transthoracic liver biopsy in mares, and transabdominal, laparoscopically-guided, liver biopsy under general anaesthesia in foals, as techniques for obtaining tissue for assessment of copper status. The techniques were evaluated with respect to ease of use and effect on the animal.
Procedure Twenty of 24 Thoroughbred mares and 21 of their foals were biopsied. The animals were part of a larger study of the effect of copper supplementation on copper status and the prevalence of developmental orthopaedic disease. Livers were also collected from unrelated horses and sampled to investigate the variability in the distribution of copper in liver tissue.
Result The biopsy technique caused no lasting effect on the mares, but there was an increased risk of viscus penetration associated with taking multiple biopsy cores. The use of ultrasonography to scan the target area for the liver identified four cases that were not appropriate candidates for liver biopsy, because of large intestine being located in the biopsy area. In the foals there were no serious postoperative adverse effects, nor was there any evidence of problems caused by the procedure when the abdomen was examined post-mortem at 5 months of age. In livers collected to investigate the variability of copper concentration, copper appeared to be relatively evenly distributed through the liver.
Conclusion Standing, percutaneous, ultrasound-guided, transthoracic liver biopsy in mares, and transabdominal, laparoscopically-guided, liver biopsy under general anaesthesia in foals are convenient procedures for obtaining liver tissue for assessing copper status in horses. The use of ultrasound to identify liver tissue is recommended, especially in older mares.     

PCR法进行胚胎性别鉴定的研究进展

通过胚胎性别鉴定,可控制家畜后代性别比例,获得巨大经济效益。早期胚胎性别鉴定的方法有,核型分析法,H-Y抗原法,X-连接酶检测法和PCR扩增法等。PCR法因其简单、快速、准确等优点,成为目前比较理想的胚胎性别鉴定方法。笔者对性别决定基因、PCR法胚胎性别鉴定的几个关键环节进行了综述,并对其前景进行了展望。     

How to Perform and Interpret Testicular Fine Needle Aspiration in Stallions

Although several methods of testicular biopsy have been proposed previously, testicular fine needle aspiration (FNA) has proved to be the simplest, the most rapid, inexpensive, and overall the least invasive technique for obtaining testicular biopsies. Testicular FNA is indicated for fertility investigations in stallions with oligozoospermia or azoospermia. It is also used for differential diagnosis of testicular enlargement. After sedation, the stallion’s testis is punctured to obtain testicular parenchyma samples containing cells mainly from the seminiferous epithelium. The material obtained is used to perform smears which are analyzed for identification and quantification of germ cells and Sertoli cells. The results are based on the presence of the cell types found in the smears and the proportions of Sertoli cells per germ cells. In addition to being a very useful diagnostic tool, testicular FNA is also used for follow-up examinations, as it is minimally invasive.     

奶牛狂犬病病例诊断报告

泰安周边某奶牛场先后有8头奶牛发病,临床症状疑似狂犬病症状。采集死亡牛小脑、大脑皮层、大脑海马回等部位的脑组织进行常规切片染色。结果表明,在小脑、大脑海马角神经细胞的胞浆内发现嗜酸性包涵体,证实该奶牛发病为狂犬病毒感染。     

奶牛子宫内膜炎临床病理学诊断方法的研究

 通过奶牛子宫内膜活检、尸体剖检、病理组织及超微结构变化观察，阐明奶牛各型子宫内膜炎病理反应特征及病理细胞类型。根据奶牛子宫解剖组织构造，研制出奶牛子宫内膜活检器。子宫内膜活检为临床诊断奶牛子宫内膜炎提供了一种准确可靠的病理组织学诊断方法。应用家兔成功地复制出奶牛子宫内膜炎实验动物模型，为实验治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎提供一种简易可靠的实验研究手段。     

CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检对肺占位疾病的应用分析(附42例报告)

目的:探讨CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检的临床应用。方法:对42例肺周围性结节或肿块病人行CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检,采用COOK公司18G自动弹射活检枪,CT定位下选择最佳层面进针行至少两点取材,活检后行组织学及细胞学检查。结果:穿刺成功率为100%,总阳性率为76.2%,假阴性率9.52%,穿刺后气胸发生率为7.14%,咯血发生率为9.52%,胸痛发生率为16.67%。结论:CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检成功率高、准确性高、并发症少,是一种简单、安全、有效的诊断方法,值得临床推广应用。     

用活体取样研究山羊分娩前后乳腺的发育及分泌

选用8头母山羊的乳腺,于左右两侧前、中、后三处取乳腺组织样品,作脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)和核糖核酸(RNA)的测定。结果表明,乳腺组织中校酸含量的变化可反映同一个体不同生理时期乳腺发育与分泌的状况。用活体取样法研究了2头土种山羊不同生理时期乳腺组织DNA、RNA、葡萄糖-6磷酸脱氢酶(G6PDH)以及外周血液中孕酮(P),17β-雌二醇(E_2-17β)、催乳素(PRL)水平的变化。从实验见到,怀孕后期、分娩后第2天、分娩后第21～22天及断奶后四期的乳腺组织生化指标的变化如下:RNA/DNA,1.65±0.22、1.65±0.17、2.64±0.04、0.75±0.04;GPDH/DNA,15.40±2.83、19.37±3.01、58.69±6.77、12.13±0.98(U/mg)。上述两项指标呈强相关性(r=0.8792,P<0.01,n=8)且能反映妊娠期及分娩后乳腺所处的状态。妊娠后期外周血液中孕酮含量高达15000±707(pg/ml),孕酮与雌激素的比为444.44±157.13;分娩后第2天孕酮含量降至93.75±8.83(pg/ml),孕酮与雌激素比例为3.29±1.23.催乳素在妊娠后期为32.64±0.11(mU/L),分娩后第2天迅速上升至153.03±13.90(mU/L)。上述结果提示孕酮、雌激素和催乳素在启动泌乳过程中,对乳腺细胞内RNA与G6PDH含量起一定的调控作用。