中国黑熊及其养殖业的发展现状

如何认识、正确处理野生动物的保护与利用之间的关系是极为重要的。与中国传统医药发展息息相关的黑熊养殖业,在中国已经存在20多年了。目前已完成了自野外捕获向自我繁殖以维持种群发展的关键转折,实现了养殖技术的升级、取胆技术的革新、养殖规模呈现集约化发展趋势。本文概述了中国野生黑熊分布和种群数量,为保护黑熊所采取的各种措施和成效,以及黑熊养殖业的历史和发展现状。介绍了国内与黑熊保护和驯养有关的法律和政策,在此基础上,详细分析了野生黑熊保护与黑熊养殖业的关系,揭示二者间即保护与可持续利用的内在关联,并对黑熊养殖业涉及的问题进行了解析。以化解黑熊保护与利用之间的矛盾,引导黑熊养殖业迈向健康发展之路。     

Human-wildlife conflicts influence attitudes but not necessarily behaviors: Factors driving the poaching of bears in China

Human-wildlife conflicts often spur retaliatory killing, which may be a major threat to some wildlife species. Asiatic black bears depredate crops and livestock and also attack humans. We investigated whether human–bear conflicts in Sichuan Province, southwestern China, resulted in increased bear poaching. We conducted semi-structured interviews within 429 15 × 15-km cells across the province, asking villagers about bear occurrence, population trends, attitudes toward bears, human–bear conflicts, responses to bear damage, and bear poaching. Bears raided crops (n = 174 cells), killed livestock (n = 114 cells), and attacked people (n = 49 cells). Fifty percent and 43% of villagers held negative and neutral attitudes toward bears, respectively; attitudes were more negative among people who had previous interactions with bears or lived where bear encounters were more likely. Although killing bears was illegal, villagers in 117 cells (38%) indicated that bear poaching occurred around their villages. However, killing bears was not significantly linked to damage: indeed, killing was more common in areas without human–bear conflicts. Poachers killed bears mainly for trade of their valuable parts (gall bladder and paws, 78.5%). Tibetan people experienced bear damage and also had negative attitudes toward bears, but reported less poaching than Han or Yi people, due to their religious beliefs. Our study indicated that human-wildlife conflicts shaped people’s attitudes toward bears, but strong economic incentives, not attitudes, prompted illegal killing. Whereas mitigation of human–bear conflicts could help foster more positive attitudes toward bears and the nature reserves that protect bears, this strategy will not remove the primary threat against this species.     

Baylisascariosis—Infections of animals and humans with ‘unusual’ roundworms

The nematode genus Baylisascaris (order Ascaridida, superfamily Ascaridoidea) contains nine relatively host-specific, parasite species of carnivores, omnivores, herbivores, carnivorous marsupials or rodents. They have a facultative heteroxenous life cycle, at least under experimental conditions. Eggs passed in faeces embryonate in the environment and the second-stage larva infective for both definitive and intermediate hosts develops. In intermediate hosts larvae migrate extensively through tissues, where they grow and moult to the third-stage, causing extensive damage. All Baylisascaris spp. are considered a potential cause of visceral, ocular and/or neural larval migrans in mammals including humans and in birds. This paper summarises our current knowledge on the prevalence, biology, pathogenicity and zoonotic significance of three Baylisascaris species: B. transfuga, B. schroederi and B. procyonis which have as definitive hosts bears, giant pandas and raccoons (occasionally dogs), respectively.     

Human-wildlife conflict in the Kingdom of Bhutan: Patterns of livestock predation by large mammalian carnivores

We examined predation activity throughout Bhutan by tiger (Panthera tigris), common leopard (Panthera pardus), snow leopard (Uncia uncia) and Himalayan black bear (Ursus thibetanus) on a variety of livestock types using data gathered over the first two years (2003-2005) of a compensation scheme for livestock losses. One thousand three hundred and seventy five kills were documented, with leopards killing significantly more livestock (70% of all kills), than tigers (19%), bears (8%) and snow leopards (2%). About 50% of livestock killing were of cattle, and about 33% were of horses, with tigers, leopards and snow leopards killing a significantly greater proportion of horses than predicted from availability. Examination of cattle kills showed that leopards killed a significantly greater proportion of smaller prey (e.g., calves), whereas tigers killed a significantly greater proportion of larger prey (e.g., bulls). Overall, livestock predation was greatest in summer and autumn which corresponded with a peak in cropping agriculture; livestock are turned out to pasture and forest during the cropping season, and subsequently, are less well guarded than at other times. Across Bhutan, high horse density and low cattle and yak density were associated with high rates of livestock attack, but no relationship was found with forest cover or human population density. Several northern districts were identified as ‘predation hotspots’, where proportions of livestock lost to predation were considerable, and the ratio of reported kills to relative abundance of livestock was high. Implications of our findings for mitigating livestock losses and for conserving large carnivores in Bhutan are discussed.     

黑熊腹膜炎临床观察及腹腔引流疗法

据17例腹膜炎的病因分析,继发性腹膜炎占首位,腹腔感染次之,腹腔内误入异物占第3位.胆汁性腹膜炎、肝脓肿伴发的腹膜炎以黄疸为主要特征,出血性坏死性肠炎所致的以带血的腹腔积液为特征,腹腔感染所致的以腹腔积脓为主要特征,腹腔引流治疗腹膜炎,排液既充分,又持久,可获令人满意的效果.     

黑熊胆囊脱垂、息肉增生的临床观察

针对胆囊脱垂、粘膜外翻、息肉增生等症状,手术时做圆形切口,切断与腹壁层的联系,分离重叠的浆膜层,按常规缝合胆囊口,施行整复及关腹,手术57例,均获治愈.     

两种接种物对熊粪厌氧消化产沼气效果的影响

[目的]比较两种接种物对熊粪厌氧消化产沼气的效果。[方法]以熊粪为原料,采用不同的接种物(混合厌氧活性污泥和熊粪厌氧发酵结束后驯化所得的接种物),在30℃下进行了批量式恒温厌氧发酵,分析两种接种物对熊粪厌氧消化产沼气效果的影响。[结果]使用不同接种物的两组试验产气量存在差异,但相差不大;发酵时间存在较大差异,经过原料(熊粪)驯化的接种物发酵时间明显缩短,为沼气厌氧活性污泥发酵时间的1/3,且经过驯化的接种物具有更好的降解效果,能创造更好的适合于沼气发酵的中性环境。[结论]经过原料富集培养驯化的接种物具有更好的产沼气效果。     

阴道涂片法确定黑熊发情期的研究

本试验采用阴道涂片法对22只黑熊的阴道涂片进行了观察，结果表明，黑熊阴道上皮细胞由角化前细胞、完全角化细胞、不完全角化细胞、基底层细胞及中层细胞组成。各细胞在发情各期变化差异显著，其中，完全角化细胞在发情期数目最多，显著高于其他各期（p〈0．01）；中层细胞在发情后期显著高与其他各期（p〈0．01）；角化前细胞在发情期中差异显著（p〈0．01）。因此，通过检测各细胞的数量变化，可以确定黑熊的发情期。     

延边地区黑熊无管取胆的发展趋势

阐述了延边地区黑熊无管取胆的简史、种类、关键技术、采胆技术等,并指出无痛无管取胆的前景.     

人工饲养条件下熊科动物的人工授精技术

我国熊类资源丰富,但是近年来由干过度捕猎,野生熊的数量急剧下降。熊在人工饲养条件下的自然繁殖存在一定的困难和问题。因此,开展熊的繁殖研究是当前人工养熊的一项重要工作。熊的人工授精方法是解决熊繁殖问题的有效途径,但熊的人工授精技术还不完善,有待于进一步研究。