芋优异种质资源鉴定评价研究

对农业行业标准《农作物种质资源鉴定评价规范芋》编制的技术路线进行了分析研究,以期为芋优异种质资源的鉴定评价提供参考。     

掌叶半夏凝集素基因表达载体的构建与鉴定

从掌叶半夏(Pinellia pedatisecta Schott)块茎中提取总RNA,反转录合成cDNA.根据GenBank中已报道的天南星科凝集素基因序列,设计带有酶切位点的表达引物,用RT-PCR方法扩增出掌叶半夏凝集素(Pinellia pedatisecta agglutinin,PPA)基因.PPA经双酶切后与表达载体pGEX-6P-3连接,构建pGEX-PPA重组表达载体.通过PCR、双酶切及测序鉴定,结果表明,重组载体pGEX-PPA构建成功,为进一步进行PPA的原核表达及其功能研究奠定了基础.     

掌叶半夏微茎尖培养脱毒和快繁体系的建立

研究了茎尖大小、激素浓度、培养基成分对药用植物掌叶半夏脱毒效果的影响以及影响无病毒苗快速繁殖的因素等,结果表明：茎尖大小是影响茎尖成活和脱毒效果的主要因素,0.2~0.5mm的茎尖培养在MS+6-BA 1.0mg/L+NAA 0.1mg/L+蔗糖30g/L+琼脂7g/L培养基上,成活率为53.3%,病毒脱除率为76.7%,培养基中附加247mg/L NH₄ ⁺可有效提高茎尖成活率至86.7%,同种培养基上继续培养,可一次性成功诱导形成试管苗,移栽成活率高达100%。MS+6-BA 2.0mg/L+NAA 0.5mg/L+GA₃ 0.5mg/L组合最有利于试管茎的形成和发育,从而建立了以掌叶半夏微茎尖为外植体的脱毒和快速繁殖体系。     

石菖蒲提取物及其初步分离物的抑菌活性研究

[目的]研究石菖蒲对动物病原菌的抗菌活性。[方法]采用滤纸片法和带药培养基涂布法测定了中药植物石菖蒲茎和叶甲醇提取物对13种动物病原菌的抑菌活性;采用液-液萃取法对石菖蒲茎提取物的抑菌活性成分进行初步分离,并测定各萃取物的抑菌活性。[结果]用带药培养基涂布法测定,石菖蒲茎提取物对表皮葡萄球菌、藤黄微球菌、溶壁微球菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、痢疾志贺氏菌、伤寒杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌9种供试菌有较好的抑菌作用,其最低抑制浓度（MIC值）分别为1.5、2.5、3.5、2.0、1.5、2.5、2.5、3.5、2.5g/L,对变形杆菌、大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌和白色念珠菌4种病原菌在样品浓度为10g/L时无抑菌活性;石菖蒲叶提取物的抑菌活性较差,在浓度为10g/L时,对痢疾志贺氏菌和蜡样芽孢杆菌在72h有抑菌活性,对其余供试菌无抑菌活性。用滤纸片法测定,结果与用带药培养基涂布法基本一致,但抑菌圈较小。用1.0g/L的各萃取物样品处理供试病原菌72h,正丁醇萃取物对9种供试病原菌有抑菌作用,石油醚萃取物、乙酸乙酯萃取物和水萃取物无抑菌作用。[结论]中药植物石菖蒲对多种动物病原菌具有抑菌活性,茎的抑菌活性高于叶,抑菌活性物质主要存在于正丁醇萃取物中。     

Analysis of indigenous production methods and farm-based biodiversity of amochi (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Arisaema schimperianum</Emphasis> Schott) in two sub-zones of Southern Ethiopia

For the first time we report that diverse types of Arisaema schimperianum Schott locally called amochi, are grown and managed as an off-season food crop in Southern Ethiopia. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and formal survey studies on 204 households were conducted over two consecutive years (2003–2004) in Chencha and Dita sub zones of Southern Ethiopia, to identify indigenous production methods and farm based biodiversity of amochi. Amochi is propagated from seed tubers and tuber parts left in the soil from the preceding harvest and grow during the dry season, February to June. Average share of proportion in the annual household consumption from amochi tubers was 9% and 4% for Chencha and Dita respectively. Uncooked amochi is irritating in contact to skin and mouth. Fifteen amochi types were identified in Dita and 12 in Chencha. They differ in the level of irritation, maturity and yield. Rich farmers with large family size as a working force, large farm size to support larger number of livestock that is source of farmyard manure, have farms with larger diversity of amochi than their poor counterparts, suggesting that its diversity is influenced by house hold characteristics and favoured under relatively fertile soil conditions. In both sub zones women had better experience in identifying amochi types than men. Further study is needed to identify chemical contents; and genetic variation using morphologic and molecular traits, in order to develop a strategy to assess and utilise the existing genetic diversity.     

闽西多子芋理化性状研究与贮藏加工初探

闽西多子芋以永定“六月红”早熟品种为多 ,研究其整株形态和主要营养成分的理化性状 ,并探讨贮藏加工的开发价值与方向。结果表明 ,闽西多子芋的重要特征是子芋的α -VitE含量为 5 .2mg/kg ,高于国内其它芋品种。应用真空技术可开发优质冷藏保鲜芋、冻干芋、真空油炸子芋、母芋酥、真空软包装子芋餐菜两用方便食品和母芋、芋叶、叶柄即食风味小菜系列产品 ,从而实现多子芋的综合加工利用与增值     

香鳞毛蕨提取工艺的正交优化设计

用L₉（3⁴）正交设计优化香鳞毛蕨有效成分超声法提取工艺,用滤纸片扩散法检测抑菌效果。结果表明:醇提超声法为最佳的提取方法,最佳提取条件为60℃,乙醇浓度为50%,提取10 min。     

雪里见中草酸钙针晶形态结构与含量

利用显微镜和电镜观察雪里见(Arisaema rhizom C.E.C.Fisch)中草酸钙针晶的形态,并采用RP-HPLC法测定草酸钙的含量。结果表明,草酸钙针晶细长,具有尖锐的针尖;草酸在0.099 64~1.992 80g/L范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 3);平均回收率为100.23%,RSD为1.52%。草酸钙针晶显微结构与同科植物的基本相同,建立的含量测定方法操作简便,结果可靠,重复性好,可作为雪里见药材质量控制的方法。     

银后亮丝草炭疽病菌鉴定及其生物学特性研究

银后亮丝草(AglaonemacommutatumSchottcv.SilverQueen)炭疽病的病原菌鉴定为胶孢炭疽菌[Colletotrichumgloeosporioides(Penz.)Sacc.]。菌丝生长的适宜温度20～30℃,适宜pH4.5～6.0,分生孢子萌发的适宜温度20～35℃。碳源对菌丝生长的影响,以D-果糖和麦芽糖优于D-葡萄糖、D-山梨醇、蔗糖、D-木糖和乳糖;氮源对菌丝生长的影响,以牛肉浸膏和酵母浸膏优于蛋白胨、硝酸铵和硫酸铵;碳源对分生孢子萌发的影响,以D-葡萄糖、乳糖和蔗糖优于其他碳源;氮源对分生孢子萌发的影响,以蛋白胨、酵母浸膏和牛肉浸膏优于其他氮源。     

多效唑对芋种质离体保存影响的初步研究

以荔浦芋无菌试管苗为材料,研究了试管苗保存过程中不同浓度多效唑（PP粥）对试管苗保存效果的影响。研究结果表明,多效唑对芋种质资源的离体保存有显著影响,在光照时间14～16h／d,光照强度1500lx,室温（26＋2）℃的培养条件下,在MS＋6-BA2．5mg／L＋NAA0．02mg／L＋30g/L蔗糖的培养基中添加0．6mg／LPP粥,试管苗可保存240d,存活率为89．7％,且恢复生长后试管苗形态正常、长势良好,与对照株无明显差异。