拉市海越冬末期斑头雁行为的初步研究

2004年2月18日～3月14对在拉市海越冬斑头雁的行为进行了研究，采用瞬时扫描方法进行行为取样，并对其在越冬地的行为进行观察记录。结果表明：斑头雁通常是早上7：30后飞离夜栖地，傍晚19：30以后从主要活动地飞回夜栖地。观察后期(3月7～13日)与观察前期(2月18～25日)相比，其飞离夜栖地的时间提前约20分钟，而从觅食地飞回夜栖地的时间则要晚10～25分钟。斑头雁无论取食还是夜栖，都喜集群，通常还有其他鸟类与斑头雁混群，如赤麻鸭等。3月初，有部分斑头雁开始北迁，大部分北迁是在3月中旬。越冬末期斑头雁行为时间的分配率为取食35．01％、静栖34．95％、警戒13．88％、运动8．35％、理羽6．77％、饮水0．63％、社群行为0．41％，所占比例依次减少。经对斑头雁在陆地和水域生境中的行为样本分别进行计算，表明斑头雁在这两种生境中有不同的行为时间分配模式。在陆地里，斑头雁的主要行为是取食(约占47％)，而在水域中，斑头雁的主要行为是静栖(约占46％)，表明斑头雁的食物主要是从陆地中获取。在一天中，斑头雁的不同行为出现的高峰时间不同，取食高峰时间和警戒高峰时间在早上9：00至10：00和傍晚17：30～19：15；静栖高峰时间在14：00～17：00；运动高峰时间在10：30～12：30；理羽高峰时间在14：30～17：00。     

Serological Survey of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in the Domestic Goose (Anser domestica) in Southern China

In the present study, the antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in 191 farm‐bred and 83 house‐bred geese (Anser domestica) were assessed for the prevalence of T. gondii infection in southern China with the modified agglutination test. Antibodies to T. gondii (MAT ≥ 1 : 5) were found in 27 (14.14%) of farm‐bred geese and 14 (16.87%) of house‐bred geese. Geese infected with T. gondii may be a source of T. gondii infection for humans and cats.     

鹅肌球蛋白重链1基因MyHC1全长cDNA克隆、序列及胚胎期表达特征分析

肌球蛋白是组成肌原纤维粗丝的主要成分,在肌肉生长发育和运动收缩过程起重要作用。本研究采用反转录PCR和快速扩增cDNA末端(rapid amplification cDNA ends,RACE)方法,从太湖鹅(Anser anser)肌肉中克隆到肌球蛋白重链1基因(myosin heavy chain 1,MyHC1)的全长cDNA,并运用生物信息学的方法对其进行分析,实时荧光定量PCR(Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR,qRT-PCR)检测MyHC1基因在鹅胚胎期的表达情况。研究结果表明,鹅MyHC1基因(Gen Bank登录号:KM675469)cDNA全长6028 bp,包含5 823 bp的开放性阅读框,57 bp的5’端非编码区和148 bp的3’端非编码区,共编码1 940个氨基酸。经预测,鹅MyHC1基因编码的蛋白质由31 478个原子组成,分子式为C9746H15817N2753O3096S66,相对分子质量为223 kD,等电点为5.62,平均亲水性为-0.786,属于不稳定亲水蛋白。在线预测鹅和鸡(Gallus gallus)的MyHC1蛋白质三维结构呈高度相似,由多螺旋和折叠片聚集成球状头部,并带有长纤维状α-螺旋尾部。鹅MyHC1的编码区(coding sequence,CDS)序列与鸡的同源性最高,为92.86%,与哺乳类同源性多数在84%左右,与两栖类同源性相对较低。鹅与鸡氨基酸同源性最高,为96.45%,与哺乳类的同源性多数在90%左右,与非洲爪蛙(Xenopus laevis)同源性较低,为78.13%。系统进化树分析表明,哺乳动物形成一个大分支,两栖类自成一支,鹅和红原鸡聚成一支,分子进化地位的关系最近,验证了鹅和鸡属于近缘物种。qRT-PCR检测到MyHC1基因在胚胎期第7天开始表达,以后表达量逐渐升高,在15d表达量达到高峰后下降,25d之后逐渐趋于平稳,表明,MyHC1基因在鹅胚胎期mRNA水平的表达量呈先上升再下降的趋势。本研究首次获得了鹅MyHC1的全长cDNA序列、分子的结构特点和表达特征,显示该基因在鹅肌肉生长发育过程起重要作用,为该基因的功能及鹅肉质性状研究提供了基础资料。     

Prioritizing refuge sites for migratory geese to alleviate conflicts with agriculture

Expanding populations of geese feeding on farmland during winter and spring conflict with agricultural interests along their migratory flyway in north-western Europe. In Mid-Norway, farmers scare spring-staging pink-footed geese Anser brachyrhynchus off their land to protect crops, and this has had clear effects on goose distribution. To protect the geese, Norwegian authorities have implemented economic compensation to farmers to discourage scaring, but this has not been prioritised to accommodate the biological requirements and dispersal patterns of the geese, though such an approach is clearly needed. To address this need, we assessed the negative effects of scaring geese during 2004-2007, and built a species distribution model to identify sites suitable for goose foraging. We subsequently combined known foraging sites with sites identified by our model and prioritised these sites according to their connectivity, perimeter area ratio, years of historic use and proximity to roost. By combining historic data on foraging sites, a species distribution model, and a simple, accountable site selection process we demonstrate how the current compensation scheme can be made 10 times more efficient through strategic prioritisation. Our approach has direct implications for alleviating similar goose-agriculture conflicts throughout Europe.     

Animal behavioral adaptation to changing landscapes: spring-staging geese habituate to wind farms

Wind farms are positioned in open landscapes and may cause loss of wildlife habitat due to disturbance, fragmentation, and infrastructure development. Especially flocking geese, swans, ducks and waders are regarded as vulnerable to wind farm development. We compared past and current displacement effects of two onshore wind farms and a line of land-based turbines on spring-staging pink-footed geese (Anser brachyrhynchus) to see if there was evidence of habituation. In one wind farm area, geese previously (1998) (Larsen and Madsen 2000) kept a distance of c. 200 m (the distance at which 50% of peak densities is reached) and they did not go between the turbines; today (2008) they keep a distance of c. 100 m, but do still not enter the wind farm area. In another wind farm, where foraging geese previously (2000) kept a distance of more than 100 m and did not enter the wind farm, they now (2008) forage between the wind turbines and keep a distance of c. 40 m to turbines. In 1998, geese kept a distance of 125 m to a line of turbines, compared to 50 m now. We conclude that geese have behaviorally adapted to changing landscapes created by wind farms. The difference in avoidance between the sites may be due to the sizes of the turbines which in this study were small in both rotor-swept area and in height compared to more recent “industry standard” of 2.5 and 3.0 MW turbines. The study points to the need for longer term studies to properly assess the impact of wind farms on wildlife, including consequent increased risks from inclement weather events of feeding, rafting, and migrating waterfowl.     

Hunter opinions on the management of migratory geese: a case of stakeholder involvement in adaptive harvest management

Knowledge of hunter attitudes toward goose management is essential for the involvement of hunters in adaptive harvest management. Our study provides insight into processes of stakeholder involvement in adaptive harvest management, as demonstrated by the case of implementing the International Species Management Plan for the Svalbard-breeding pink-footed goose (Anser brachyrhynchus). We conducted an online survey among goose hunters in Norway in the main autumn staging area of this species, Nord-Trøndelag, which is also the area in which most geese are harvested nationally. Our results demonstrated that a majority of these hunters see themselves as active participants in management. These hunters expressed a willingness to support management objectives through the delivery of daily harvest reports and by complying with regulations, as defined by national wildlife authorities and the international management plan.     

鸿雁线粒体DNA全基因组序列测定及分析

线粒体基因组(mitochondrial genome,mt DNA)具有进化速率快、多态性丰富、无重组、母系遗传等特点,是开展群体遗传学、系统发育学、分子生态学、分类学等研究的理想分子标记。本研究根据鸿雁(Anser cygnoides)同属近缘物种豆雁(Anser fabalis)线粒体全基因组序列(EU009397.1)设计引物,采用直接测序技术对鸿雁线粒体基因组全序列进行了综合分析,结果显示,鸿雁线粒体基因组序列(Gen Bank登录号:KJ124555)全长16 739 bp,包含22个t RNA、2个r RNA基因、13种蛋白质编码基因和一个D-loop区。碱基组成T占22.49%,C占32.24%,A占30.21%,G占15.06%,无明显的AT偏好性。22种t RNA都为典型的三叶草结构,参照原鸡(Gallus gallus)、黑尾地鸦(Podoces hendersoni)的12Sr RNA,对鸿雁12Sr RNA的二级结构进行了预测,含有4个结构域、37个茎环和13个突出部。对D-loop控制区序列分析发现,含有LSP/HSP、ETAS1-2、Goose hairpin、E-box、F-box、D-box、C-box、Bird similarity-box、CSB1-box、CSB-like和OH。以原鸡作为外群,采用邻接法(N-J)和最大拟然法(ML)算法以及贝叶斯法,基于线粒体基因组全序列分别构建系统进化树,结果显示,鸿雁与灰雁(Anser anser)、豆雁(Anser fabalis)、白额雁(Anser albifrons)和加拿大黑雁(Branta canadensis)处于一个分支,亲缘关系较近。该研究结果丰富了鸭科线粒体基因组全序列,为研究鸿雁的系统发生和分子进化研究以及种质资源保护和合理利用提供新的基础资料。     

朗德鹅肌肉生成抑制因子基因（MSTN）的克隆及其表达量与日粮能量、血清IGF-I和GH的关系

 【目的】采用反转录－聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）技术,克隆朗德鹅肌肉生成抑制因子基因（MSTN）,研究MSTN基因表达和日粮能量及其部分血清激素含量的相互关系,了解MSTN的功能,为水禽分子营养和分子育种提供基础资料。【方法】从朗德鹅（Anser anser）的腿肌中抽提总RNA,用两步法RT-PCR扩增出MSTN基因的cDNA编码序列,以pGEM-T Vector为载体,将该片段克隆到大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）中。通过筛选阳性克隆,双酶切鉴定后测序;以MSTN基因的克隆为基础,以β-actin为内标,构建优化的半定量RT-PCR方法,研究高中低（A:13.38MJ•kg-1、B:12.13MJ•kg-1、C:10.87MJ•kg-1）3种不同能量对朗德鹅21日龄和70日龄2个时期,肌肉组织MSTN基因表达的差异;同时用放免法测定21、70日龄的血清GH和IGF-I浓度。【结果】克隆朗德鹅MSTN基因cDNA的部分序列,其片段大小为1 128bp,编码375个氨基酸组成的多肽,与已发表的鸡、鸭、鹅的MSTN 核苷酸相似性分别为94%、94%、99%;氨基酸的相似性分别为98%、97%、98%;21日龄时,朗德鹅公鹅、母鹅MSTN表达量差异不显著;70日龄时朗德鹅公鹅MSTN的表达量情况为能量A＞C＞B,朗德鹅母鹅MSTN的表达量情况为C＞B＞A;对于朗德鹅21～70日龄阶段的生长,MSTN基因的表达量和血清IGF-I的变化基本一致;与血清GH含量之间并不存在很大关联,GH和能量的高低呈正相关。【结论】日粮能量对21日龄后朗德鹅MSTN基因的表达有影响,且MSTN基因表达量和血清IGF-I具有相关性,和血清GH无较大相关性。     

气温与水位对鄱阳湖越冬雁属鸟类数量变化影响分析——以大湖池、常湖池和朱市湖为例

2009年10月～2010年3月,利用样线法结合样点法,对鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区大湖池保护站管辖的大湖池、常湖池和朱市湖3个湖及周边草滩的越冬雁属鸟类状况、种群数量变化与气温变化和大湖池闸口水位变化的关系进行了调查研究.结果表明:1)在大湖池站共记录到5种雁属鸟类,分别为鸿雁(Anser cygnoides)、白额雁(...     

内蒙古呼伦贝尔东部地区春季鸿雁巢址选择研究

[目的]研究内蒙古呼伦贝尔东部地区鸿雁的巢址选择。[方法]通过野外调查获取巢址样方和非巢样点的数据,通过主成分分析确认鸿雁巢址选择的主要影响因子。[结果]数据的Z检验表明,只有巢周芦苇密度呈正态分布,距明水面距离、明水面面积、巢周芦苇面积、巢周芦苇高度、巢周芦苇密度、距人为干扰距离有显著差异。主成分分析表明,前4个主成分的特征值都大于1,并且其累计贡献率达到64.700%。第1主成分中岛的大小、巢周芦苇面积、巢周芦苇密度的贡献率达22.184%;第2主成分中巢周芦苇高度、距明水面距离的贡献率为16.546%;第3主成分中距人为干扰距离、巢下水深的贡献率为14.076%;第4主成分中距人为干扰距离、巢周芦苇盖度的贡献率是11.868%。在4个主成分中反映鸿雁繁殖期隐蔽与逃逸的因子占主要地位。[结论]该研究为鸿雁繁殖生境的保护提供了理论依据。