禽致病菌ESBLs和AmpC酶的检测及药敏分析

用全自动微生物鉴定系统(VITEK-32)鉴定了禽分离致病菌,分别进行了β-内酰胺酶(BLA)、超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)、AmpC酶的检测,并用试管两倍稀释法测定了各种抗生素对非产酶菌、产ESBLs菌及产AmpC菌的抗菌活性。结果表明,鉴定分离的20株致病菌有大肠埃希菌15株、阴沟肠杆菌1株、铜绿假单胞菌1株、法氏柠檬酸杆菌1株、肺炎克雷伯菌1株及鹑鸡肠球菌1株,其中法氏柠檬酸杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌及鹑鸡肠球菌系兽医上首次检出。报道所分离的20株致病菌均产β-内酰胺酶,其中产ESBLs 9株,同时产ESBLs和AmpC酶1株。产酶菌株对抗生素的耐药性严重,而抗生素/抑制剂联用能降低药物对细菌的MICs。     

Phylogenetic groups and cephalosporin resistance genes of Escherichia coli from diseased food-producing animals in Japan

A total of 318 Escherichia coli isolates obtained from different food-producing animals affected with colibacillosis between 2001 and 2006 were subjected to phylogenetic analysis: 72 bovine isolates, 89 poultry isolates and 157 porcine isolates. Overall, the phylogenetic group A was predominant in isolates from cattle (36/72, 50%) and pigs (101/157, 64.3%) whereas groups A (44/89, 49.4%) and D (40/89, 44.9%) were predominant in isolates from poultry. In addition, group B2 was not found among diseased food-producing animals except for a poultry isolate. Thus, the phylogenetic group distribution of E. coli from diseased animals was different by animal species. Among the 318 isolates, cefazolin resistance (minimum inhibitory concentrations: ≥32 μg/ml) was found in six bovine isolates, 29 poultry isolates and three porcine isolates. Of them, 11 isolates (nine from poultry and two from cattle) produced extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL). The two bovine isolates produced bla_CTX-M-2, while the nine poultry isolates produced bla_CTX-M-25 (4), bla_SHV-2 (3), bla_CTX-M-15 (1) and bla_CTX-M-2 (1). Thus, our results showed that several types of ESBL were identified and three types of β-lactamase (SHV-2, CTX-M-25 and CTX-M-15) were observed for the first time in E. coli from diseased animals in Japan.     

动物源大肠杆菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶与头孢菌素酶基因型分析

为了解重庆地区动物源大肠杆菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)及头孢菌素酶(AmpC)基因型的分布,利用初筛及表型确认方法,从临床分离的192株仔猪白痢大肠杆菌、65株奶牛乳腺炎大肠杆菌、69株鸡大肠杆菌中筛选出19株产ESBLs、6株产ArnpC酶大肠杆菌,并应用PCR扩增及PCR产物测序方法进行ESBLs及AmpC基因型分析.结果显示,重庆地区动物源大肠杆菌携带TEM型、CTX-M型、DHA-1型和CMY-2型基因的阳性率分别为2.15%、5.21%、0.61%和0.61%.其中,有5株同时携带2种基因.而DHA-1型基因为国内兽医临床首次检出,获得GenBank登录号为FJ386455.结果提示,重庆地区以TEM型和CTX-M型β-内酰胺酶为主,且产ESBLs与AmpC酶大肠杆菌为多重耐药菌株,需引起兽医临床的高度重视.     

Low Occurrence of Extended‐Spectrum β‐lactamase‐Producing Escherichia coli in Finnish Food‐Producing Animals

ESBL/AmpC‐producing Escherichia coli is increasingly isolated from humans and animals worldwide. The occurrence of ESBL/AmpC‐producing E. coli was studied in food‐producing animals in Finland, a country with a low and controlled use of antimicrobials in meat production chain. A total of 648 cattle, 531 pig, 495 broiler and 35 turkey faecal samples were collected from four Finnish slaughterhouses to determine the presence of extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL/AmpC)‐producing E. coli. In addition, 260 broiler and 15 turkey samples were screened for carbapenemase‐producing E. coli. Susceptibility to different class of cephalosporins and meropenem was determined with disc diffusion tests according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). Determination of ESBL/AmpC production was performed with a combination disc diffusion test according to the recommendations of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Plasmidic bla_ESBL/AmpC genes were characterized by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. A collection of isolates producing AmpC enzyme but not carrying plasmidic bla_AmpC was analysed by PCR and sequencing for possible chromosomal ampC promoter area mutations. Altogether ESBL/AmpC‐producing E. coli was recovered from five cattle (0.8%), eight pig (1.5%) and 40 broiler samples (8.1%). No ESBL/AmpC‐producing E. coli was found in turkey samples. Carbapenem resistance was not detected. Altogether ESBL/AmpC‐producing E. coli was found on 4 (2.0%), 3 (4.5%) and 14 (25%) cattle, pig and broiler farms, respectively. From cattle samples 3 (27%) bla_CTX‐M‐1 and from broiler samples 13 (33%) bla_CTX‐M‐1 and 22 (55%) bla_CMY‐2 gene‐carrying isolates were detected. In pigs, no plasmidic bla_ESBL/AmpC gene‐carrying isolates were found. In all analysed isolates, the same mutations in the promoter region of chromosomal ampC were detected. The results showed low occurrence of ESBL/AmpC‐producing E. coli in Finnish food‐producing animals. In pigs, plasmidic bla_ESBL/AmpC‐carrying E. coli was not detected at all.     

鸡源大肠杆菌分离鉴定及ESBLs与AmpC酶基因型检测及耐药性分析

为了解山西省范围内鸡源产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）和头孢菌素酶（AmpC）大肠杆菌分离株的基因型及其耐药现状,本试验从呈现典型鸡大肠杆菌病临床症状的病料中分离、鉴定出68株符合鸡源大肠杆菌生物特性的流行菌株,采用K-B法与双纸片确认法对分离的68株大肠杆菌分别进行药敏试验和ESBLs、AmpC酶耐药表型的筛选;采用PCR方法检测了分离株中质粒介导的ESBLs、AmpC酶的基因型。结果显示,分离到的68株菌对22种抗菌药物均产生不同程度的耐药性,其中耐药谱达7耐以上的有66,占总分离菌株数的97.06%;呈ESBLs、AmpC酶阳性和两者均阳性的菌株数分别为57（83.82%）、19（27.94%）和16（23.53%）株;检测出ESBLs阳性菌株携带的耐药基因型包括bla_TEM、bla_OXA和bla_CTX-M-1/9,AmpC酶阳性菌株耐药基因型为bla_FOX型。研究结果表明,分离的68株鸡源大肠杆菌已对绝大多数种类抗菌药物产生耐药性,且产ESBLs和AmpC酶菌株已普遍流行。山西省鸡源大肠杆菌中流行的ESBLs基因型与国内其他地区相关报道大体一致,而检测到的bla_FOX型AmpC酶基因在国内报道相对较少。     

禽源奇异变形杆菌质粒介导AmpC酶基因型检测与质粒分析

[目的]研究禽源奇异变形杆菌携带ampC基因的分型和blaCMY-2阳性接合质粒pC12的序列结构,为防控多重耐药禽源奇异变形杆菌的传播提供理论基础.[方法]利用头孢西丁三维试验和PCR方法对21株奇异变形杆菌进行AmpC酶的检测和基因分型研究;对blaCMY-2阳性菌株进行脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分型和接合试验;利...     

Determination and transferability of plasmid‐mediated antibiotic resistance genes of the bacteria isolated from rainbow trout

Antibiotic resistance and the presence of resistance genes (ARGs) were investigated in the bacteria isolated from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from different trout farms located in Turkey. The most frequent types of antibiotic resistance were towards β‐lactams (cephalothin [70% of bacterial isolates], amoxicillin [63%], ampicillin [62%], ticarcillin [56%], aztreonam [51%]), macrolide [erythromycin, 68%] and sulphonamide [sulphamethoxazole, 51%]. Of bacterial isolates, 51% were multiple drug resistant (MDR), while 35% of the isolates were extensively drug resistant (XDR). None of isolates were pandrug resistant (PDR). The most common ARGs were ampC (36%) and sul1 (24%). The class 1 integron gene cassette was detected in 51% of the bacteria. There was a strong positive correlation between the antibiotic resistance rate and the presence of ARGs (r² = .932). Gene encodes bla_CTX‐M1, one of the extended spectrum beta‐lactamase enzymes, was first described in Aeromonas caviae, Photobacterium damselae, Pseudomonas luteola and Burkholderia cepacia. It was determined that 35% of the bacteria harboured at least one plasmid. Plasmid‐mediated ARGs were identified to be tetracyclines (tetA, tetB, tetC, tetD), sulphonamides (sul1, sul3) and β lactams (ampC, bla_pse). Thus, results suggest that ARG contamination situation deliberates resistance to tetracycline, aminoglycoside, chloramphenicol and sulphonamide. Therefore, the presence and activity of ARGs in fish and in environmental bacteria may play an important role in the spread of resistance genes among bacteria by transposition or integron gene cassettes.     

野生草食动物源奇异变形杆菌的耐药性分析

为了检测从野生草食动物临床标本中分离的62株奇异变形杆菌对23种抗菌药物的体外活性以及这些杆菌产生超广谱β-内酰胺酶、AmpC酶、金属β-内酰胺酶的情况,正确指导兽医临床合理使用抗菌药物。用API-20E对分离获得的菌株进行鉴定,双纸片协同试验和确证试验筛选超广谱β-内酰胺酶,纸片扩散法检测AmpC酶,改良Hodge试验检测金属β-内酰胺酶,药敏试验采用标准的纸片扩散法。实验证实分离获得的奇异变形杆菌产酶率为25.8%（16/62）,其中超广谱β-内酰胺酶为16.1%（10/62）,AmpC酶为9.7%（6/62）、金属β-内酰胺酶为0%（0/62）。头孢曲松钠、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、氨曲南、亚胺培南、头孢噻肟钠、丁胺卡那霉素和左氧氟沙星的敏感率大于80%。这说明产β-内酰胺酶的奇异变形杆菌在野生草食动物临床中占较大的比例,实验室需加强检测。三代头孢菌素、四代头孢菌素、氨曲南、亚胺培南、丁胺卡那霉素和左氧氟沙星是治疗奇异变形杆菌感染的首选药物。     

广东地区患病食品动物源大肠杆菌ESBLs和AmpC酶流行分布调查

质粒介导的超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）和AmpC酶广泛传播和扩散,导致全球范围内肠杆菌科细菌对超广谱头孢菌素类的耐药性发展迅速,引起人们高度重视。食品动物源大肠杆菌可作为耐药基因储库,对细菌耐药性在动物、环境和人之间的传播起着非常重要的作用。本研究从2009年患病的食品动物,包括鸡、鸭、鹅和猪,分离鉴定了315株大肠杆菌,调查ESBLs和AmpC酶在患病食品动物中的流行分布。经双纸片协同扩散实验筛选出61株ESBL阳性菌株,PCR检测共检测出8种blaCTX-M基因,分别为blaCTX-M-14/14b、blaCTX-M-79、blaCTX-M-65、blaCTX-M-27、blaCTX-M-15、blaCTX-M-24、blaCTX-M-98和blaCTX-M-13,其中检出率最高的为blaCTX-M-79,其次为blaCTX-M-14/14b。本研究还检测出1株新的SHV型酶,命名为SHV-135;PCR共检测出5株大肠杆菌携带质粒源CMY-型AmpC酶,其中2株鹅源大肠杆菌携带1个新型CMY酶,命名为CMY-64。本研究表明患病动物分离的大肠杆菌中ESBLs和AmpC酶存在复杂性和多样性,而且新型β-内酰胺酶检出日益增多,提示兽医临床应慎用β-内酰胺类抗生素。