柑橘幼果发育期碳水化合物代谢及其与生长发育的关系

温州蜜柑幼果在盛花后逐渐生长 盛花后6 d开始大量脱落 日本甜夏橙幼果在盛花后12 d内重量未增加，一直处于急剧落果期。甜夏橙幼果中蔗糖含量高出温州蜜柑20多倍，种间还原糖含量变化趋势略有不同。两种柑橘的淀粉含量变化也不同，但它们的淀粉含量与淀粉酶活性、幼果相对脱落率均呈负相关。对幼果碳水化合物代谢与生长、脱落的关系作了讨论。     

麻类纤维在非织造领域的应用

本文阐述了麻类纤维在我国非织造行业新用途的开发和拓展，对麻类纤维在非织造领域的利用符合国家农业可持续性发展的方向。     

Evaluation of Five Most Commonly Grown Cotton Cultivars (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Under Mediterranean Conditions: Productivity and Fibre Quality

Studies were conducted in four regions of central Greece (Larisa, Karditsa, Livadia, Thiva), to evaluate the productivity and fibre properties (fibre strength and fibre length) of the five most commonly grown cotton cultivars in these regions. The experiments lasted for 6 years (1995–2000). All the characteristics tested were strongly influenced by the factors ‘year’, ‘cultivar’ and ‘region’. Significant cultivar × region, year × cultivar, region × year and cultivar × region × year interactions occurred for all the characteristics studied. The cultivar Alegria had the highest seed‐cotton and lint yield, while Aria had the lowest ones. Both cultivars gave the highest mean lint percentage but the lowest mean boll weight (MBW). Alegria had the lowest fibre strength, while Aria had the highest. The Acala‐type cultivars, Acala SJ2 and Zeta 2, had intermediate seed‐cotton and lint yield, while Vered 171 had high seed‐cotton and satisfactory lint yield. The three cultivars mentioned above had the highest MBW and very good fibre strength. Positive correlation was observed between fibre strength and length. In spite of the fact that mean fibre length was statistically the same in all cultivars, it was influenced by the factor ‘year’, as a result of different weather conditions. The year 1996 was the most unfavourable one for seed‐cotton yield and MBW, because it was characterized by lower than average air temperatures and rather dry conditions for all study sites. The factor ‘region’, a combination of different climatic conditions and cultural practices, influenced significantly all the parameters studied.     

姜片虫虫体抗原氨基酸的测定

本文报道4种方法制备姜片虫虫体抗原,进行氨基酸组成的测定。其氨基酸总量(mg/100ml)结果显示:Ag-F1:608.50;Ag-F2:645.80;Ag-F3:357.14;Ag-F4:501.40;以 Ag-F3总量为最低,但值得重视的是 Ag-F3的丙氨酸(8.34),组氨酸(8.60),甘氨酸(11.00);苏氨酸(12.00),均显著降低。而 Ag-F4的组氨酸(4.80)为17种氨基酸含量最低者。其原因有待探讨。     

日粮纤维及其对幼龄单胃动物消化功能的影响

日粮纤维能提供大量的能量,而且有利于维持动物机体的正常消化功能。本文综述了日粮纤维的代谢及对幼龄单胃动物消化功能的影响。     

套袋对红富士苹果色素及糖、酸含量的影响

 以苹果(Malus pumila) ‘长富2’品种为试材, 研究了套袋对果皮色素及果肉糖、酸含量的影响。结果表明, 套袋果果皮色素、可溶性糖、可滴定酸具有同对照果基本相同的消长规律, 但含量均始终低于对照; 摘袋后果实可溶性糖含量迅速升高, 且花青苷积累速度明显快于对照; 套袋主要降低了果实中山梨醇和蔗糖的含量, 果糖和葡萄糖降低幅度相对较小。     

More evidence that anaerobic oxidation of methane is prevalent in soils: Is it time to upgrade our biogeochemical models?

Estimating future fluxes of CH₄ between land and atmosphere requires well-conceived process-based biogeochemical models. Current models do not represent the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) in land surface soils, in spite of increasing evidence that this process is widespread. Our objective was to determine whether AOM, or potential AOM, commonly occurs in 20 hydromorphic soils spanning a wide range of chemical properties. Bulk soil samples were collected under shallow water near the shoreline of 15 recently drained fish ponds in southern Bohemia (Czech Republic), as well as from below the water table at 3 peatland locations in northeast Scotland and 2 acid sulfate soils on the southern coast of Finland. Each soil slurry was incubated under both oxic and anoxic conditions, with or without the addition of alternative electron acceptors (SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻) or H₂PO₄⁻. Here, “oxic” and “anoxic” conditions refer to anoxic soil respectively incubated in a headspace containing air or argon. Using the isotope dilution method, we determined the gross production and oxidation rates of CH₄ after 2 days incubation under oxic headspace conditions, and after 2, 21 and 60 days incubation under anoxic conditions. Large differences in net CH₄ fluxes were observed between soil types and between incubation conditions. AOM was detected in each of the 20 bulk soil samples, which spanned >6 pH units and 2 orders of magnitude in organic C content. Significant positive relationships were found between AOM and gross CH₄ production rates under anoxic conditions, resulting in AOM rates that were sometimes higher than CH₄ oxidation rates under oxic headspace conditions. There was no relationship between net and gross CH₄ production rates, such that 2 soil types could display similar low net rates, yet conceal very large differences in gross rates. The effects of alternative electron acceptors on AOM were idiosyncratic and resulted in no net trend. We did find, however, a negative effect of SO₄²⁻ and H₂PO₄⁻ on gross CH₄ production rates under anoxic and oxic conditions respectively. Under oxic headspace conditions, CH₄ oxidation was related to soil organic C content. Taken collectively, our results suggest that AOM, or potential AOM, is prevalent over a wide range of soil types, that AOM may contribute substantially to CH₄ oxidation in soils, and that AOM in soils should be integrated to current process-based CH₄ cycling models.     

碳纳米管的酸化处理对碳纳米管/聚氨酯复合材料微观结构及性能的影响

对多壁碳纳米管进行酸化处理,并采用原位聚合法制备了碳纳米管/聚氨酯复合材料。利用X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)、电子扫描显微镜(SEM)、动态力学分析(DMA)研究了碳纳米管酸化与否对复合材料性能的影响。结果表明,碳纳米管经酸化处理后产生了羧基,碳纳米管的原位加入使得复合材料的储存模量和玻璃化转变温度都有所提高,而且经过酸化的碳纳米管对聚氨酯材料的改性要比未酸化碳纳米管对聚氨酯材料的改性效果更为显著。     

石榴果实的糖酸组成及风味特点

采用高效液相色谱法测定4种石榴成熟期果实中糖和酸的组成,并对其味感值和糖酸组分与果实风味指标间的相关性进行分析。结果表明,石榴果实中可溶性糖组分有蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖和山梨醇,其中葡萄糖和果糖含量最高,分别占总糖含量的43.84%~48.36%和49.18%~50.67%。4个品种中,"玉石籽"的总糖含量最高,"白皮"的最低。石榴果实中主要有机酸是奎宁酸、琥珀酸、草酸、L-苹果酸、莽草酸、柠檬酸和D-苹果酸,其中"玛瑙籽"的总酸含量最高,"青皮"的最低。石榴果实中果糖的味感值最大、其次是葡萄糖;味感值最大的酸是奎宁酸,其次为柠檬酸。相关性分析结果表明,石榴果实的糖酸比与甜味/酸味比值之间呈极显著正相关,各品种间糖酸比(甜味/酸味比值)的差异主要取决于有机酸的含量,与糖含量无关。综合其风味特点,"青皮"和"玉石籽"是甜味较浓的品种,"白皮"和"玛瑙籽"则是酸味较浓的品种。     

Selenium supplementation improves nutrient intake and digestibility,and mitigates CH4 emissions from sheep grazed on the mixed pasture of alfalfa and tall fescue

Low selenium (Se) in soil and forage can adversely affect on the quality of animal-derived foods, and hence on human health. Lambs grazed on mixed pastures of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) were supplemented with five levels of Se [0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 µg/kg body weight (BW)]. The intake of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) varied with the level of Se supplementation, with a peak at 6 µg Se per kg BW (p ≤ 0.05). Gross energy (GE) intake, digestive energy (DE) intake and metabolic energy (ME) intake were higher at 6 µg Se per kg BW than at other Se levels (p < 0.01); in addition, methane energy (CH₄-E) output was lower at 6 µg Se per kg BW. Supplementation with Se significantly increased nitrogen (N) intake, faecal N and urine N, for which the peak values were 20.2 g N/, 5.62 g N/day and 7.92 g N/day, respectively, at 6 µg Se per kg BW. Se intake, blood Se, faecal Se, urine Se and retained Se were negatively correlated with forage crude protein (CP) content (p < 0.001) but were positively correlated with the content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) (p < 0.001) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) (p < 0.001). Thus, we recommend the addition of 6 µg Se per kg BW to sheep grazed on pastures in regions with low soil Se.