Soil macropore characteristics and aggregate stability with poly-γ-glutamic acid amendment under wetting–drying cycles

Soils are typically subjected to multiple wetting–drying (WD) cycles due to irrigation and seasonal climate cycles, which directly impact soil pore structure and soil aggregate stability. Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a polymer used to improve soil water holding capacity and plant growth. However, the impact of γ-PGA on soil pore structure requires further research, particularly under WD cycles. Therefore, we investigated the different amounts of γ-PGA on soil structure, including soil aggregate stability, macropore (>100 μm) structure characteristics and the relationship between macropore characteristics (equivalent pore diameter, pore shape factor, soil porosity, fractal dimension (FD), soil connectivity and the percentage of aggregate content with particle size larger than 0.25 mm) and soil aggregate stability by structural equation modelling (SEM) under WD cycles. A sandy soil and a loam soil were studied, and amended with γ-PGA at three different concentrations: 0 (P0), 0.4% (P4) and 0.8% (P8) (w/w, %). Results showed that γ-PGA amendment increased the mean weight diameter (MWD) and the percentage of aggregate content with particle size larger than 0.25 mm (R_0.25) under WD cycles in both sandy and loam soils, while the MWD between P4 and P8 did not differ significantly. As the number of WD cycles increased, soil porosity (TP) increased due to an increase in pores of 100–500 μm. With γ-PGA added to soil, large microporosity (>1000 μm) increased in sandy soil, but decreased in loam soil. In addition, 8WD cycles also increased the FD (2.6%–4.2%) and pore connectivity (Con) compared with 4WD. Structural equation modelling (SEM) revealed that soil pore characteristics accounted for 74% and 98% of the variation in sandy and loam soils, respectively. TP, FD, Con and R_0.25 directly contributed to MWD, according to the SEM. These findings improve our understanding of pore characteristics and aggregate stability, which are key factors influencing soil quality when amended with γ-PGA during the seasonal WD period.     

施γ-聚谷氨酸对桃树生长发育和15N吸收利用及损失的影响

以1年生桃树盆栽实生苗为试材,底肥为尿素3 g(其中15N标记0.4 g)、磷酸二氢钾3 g,设CK为对照,T1、T2、T3分别添加γ-PGA 10,80,150 mg,探究不同浓度γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA)对桃树植株生长与氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明:施用中量和高量γ-PGA能显著提高土壤脲酶与过氧化氢酶活性以及土壤碱解氮含量;施用中、高量γ-PGA能促进桃实生苗根系生长,尤其是细根的生长。与对照相比,施用中量γ-PGA桃实生苗根系总长度、分支数、根尖数、交叉数和根系总表面积分别增加51.95%,40.53%,30.72%,35.21%,45.23%;施用中、高量γ-PGA能显著提高植株净光合速率和叶绿素SPAD值,以及干物质积累量。施用中、高量γ-PGA能显著提高桃实生苗根系活力、硝酸还原酶、谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活性。施用中、高量γ-PGA提高了桃实生苗氮素吸收利用率和氮素残留率,降低了氮素损失率,与对照相比,氮素吸收利用率分别提高27.80%和27.07%,氮素残留率分别提高14.00%和19.04%,氮素损失率分别降低16.43%和19.49%,且差异显著。可见施用γ-PGA可改善桃根区土壤理化性状,提高植株氮素吸收利用率和土壤氮素残留率,降低氮素损失率,促进了桃实生苗的生长。     

γ-聚谷氨酸对土壤水氮运移特性的影响

为了明确一种新型的环保型保水缓释剂γ-聚谷氨酸(简称γ-PGA)的节水保肥效应,在施氮量相同情况下(2 g/kg)设置了4种γ-PGA梯度的施加量(0,0.1%,0.2%,0.4%),以0作为对照处理,通过室内一维土柱入渗试验,研究了γ-PGA施加量对土壤氮素迁移特性的影响。结果表明:(1)定水头入渗条件下,累积入渗量、入渗速率、湿润锋迁移的距离均随着γ-PGA施量的增加而逐渐越小,与对照组相比,添加0.4%γ-PGA的试验组其累积入渗量、入渗率和湿润锋迁移的距离分别减少27.64%,73.45%,31.58%;(2)Philip公式模拟结果中,吸渗率S随γ-PGA施量的增加逐渐减小,呈负相关;Kostiakov公式模拟结果中,经验系数K随γ-PGA施量的增加逐渐减小,呈负相关,经验指数a随γ-PGA施量的增加逐渐增大,呈正相关;(3)随着γ-PGA施量的增加,表层土壤(0—15 cm)含水率随着γ-PGA施量的增加而逐渐增大,深层土壤(15 cm以下)则相反;同时,γ-PGA施量越大,同一时期各土层深度硝态氮、铵态氮含量越大,停止供水后的第4天,添加0.1%,0.2%,0.4%γ-PGA的试验组平均硝态氮含量比对照组分别增加29.55%,42.49%,59.50%,平均铵态氮含量比对照组分别增加43.97%,123.40%,156.74%。综上,向土壤中施加γ-PGA可有效减缓水分下渗,将水分更多地聚集在土壤浅层,同时降低肥料淋失率,提高水肥利用率,减少灌溉次数和费用,达到改善土壤结构,提高作物产量的目的。     

利用枯草芽孢杆菌发酵生产γ-聚谷氨酸

利用实验室筛选得到的一株枯草芽孢杆菌发酵生产γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA),主要对其发酵工艺参数进行了优化。先通过单因素优化及PB试验筛选重要因子,然后利用Box-Behnken优化发酵工艺最佳组合,获得了最佳培养基组成和最佳培养条件,且在摇床水平上使γ-PGA产量由最初的6.03 g·L~(-1)提高到10.98 g·L~(-1)。接着通过对补料工艺的探索,确定了最佳补料时间和补料配方,最后在5 L发酵罐上进行了放大生产,最终γ-PGA的最高产量可达到31.18 g·L~(-1)。     

纳豆中γ-PGA的分离纯化和鉴定

采用野生和诱变的纳豆枯草芽孢杆菌菌株,经固体发酵生产γ-PGA,比较了得率和纯度的差异。通过乙醇沉淀、离心和真空冷冻干燥方法对γ-PGA进行分离纯化,并采用薄层层析的方法鉴定,选择不同分配剂的配比和不同的载体,获得了最佳层析步骤。     

竹粉酶解液发酵产γ-聚谷氨酸研究

为探究以竹子为原料生产γ-PGA的工艺,首先将原料经碱法预处理,然后加入木糖异构酶和纤维素酶等复合酶酶解得出竹子糖液,再经枯草芽孢杆菌发酵生产γ-PGA。结果表明,添加木糖异构酶可提高酶解率,单因素试验得出还原糖含量达到3.086%。通过单因素试验和正交试验得到最佳发酵γ-PGA培养基条件为竹糖80 g/L,有机氮源8 g/L,谷氨酸钠80 g/L,NH4Cl 3 g/L,K2HPO4·3H2O 2 g/L,MgSO4·7H2O 0.25 g/L,接种量为2%,培养条件为pH值7.0~7.2,温度37℃,培养时间48 h,产量可达35.31 g/L,纯度达87.5%。以竹子为原料,γ-PGA的产量和纯度较高,产业前景好,木糖异构酶对酶解效率的提高有促进作用。     

Sucrose synthase dominates carbohydrate metabolism and relative growth rate in growing kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa, cv Hayward)

Changes in fruit growth rate, carbohydrate content (glucose, fructose, sucrose and starch) and enzyme activity (sucrose synthase, UDPglucose pyrophosphorylase, fructokinase, glucokinase, sucrose phosphate synthase, ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase and invertases), in the external pericarp of kiwifruit, were measured throughout the growing season. Sucrose synthase showed the highest activity among the sucrose cleaving enzymes during large part of the growing season. The activity of invertases were much lower than that of sucrose synthase until ripening started. Sucrose synthase showed a tight although not linear relationship with the fruit RGR. Furthermore, sucrose synthase showed linear and significant correlations with the activities of both fructokinase and UDPglucose pyrophosphorylase indicating a strong co-regulation of the activities of these three enzymes involved in sucrose cleavage and sink strength, in kiwifruit. Sucrose synthase is suggested to be the dominating enzyme in the cleavage of imported carbon in kiwifruit, in tight coordination with fructokinase and UDPglucose pyrophosphorylase.     

γ-聚谷氨酸对小尾寒羊瘤胃发酵及菌群结构的影响

试验旨在研究通过16S rDNA高通量测序分析技术测定饲粮中添加γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA)对小尾寒羊瘤胃发酵参数及菌群结构的影响.采用单因素完全随机试验设计,选取检疫合格、体重(37.1±0.5)kg的3月龄小尾寒羊公羊24只,随机分为对照组和试验组.对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中添加20 g/(只·d)的γ-...     

聚谷氨酸硫基复合肥在甜高粱和多花黑麦草上的肥效

为了评价聚谷氨酸硫基复合肥(S-based γ-PGA fertilizer)在甜高粱(Sorghum bicolor)和多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)上的肥效,以尿素和硫基复合肥(S-based fertilizer)为对照,采用盆栽试验,研究了不同施氮水平(75、150、225 kg·hm-2)下聚谷氨酸硫基复合肥对甜高粱和多花黑麦草生产性能及氮素利用效率的影响.结果表明,聚谷氨酸硫基复合肥处理的甜高粱产量、粗蛋白含量及氮素利用效率在1 50和225 kg·hm-2两个施氮水平下均优于对照(P＜0.05);多花黑麦草生产性能与对照相比差异不显著(P＞0.05),但氮素利用效率在75和150 kg·hm-2两个施氮水平下均优于对照(P＜0.05).分析结果说明,聚谷氨酸硫基复合肥肥效优于尿素和硫基复合肥,且甜高粱和多花黑麦草能够获得较高的产量、品质,且氮素利用效率高.     

外源聚γ-谷氨酸对水稻幼苗耐旱性和渗透调节的影响

在水培条件下添加聚乙二醇-6000 (PEG-6000) 模拟干旱胁迫,研究聚γ-谷氨酸 (γ-PGA）对杂交稻品种金优38幼苗耐旱性和渗透调节的影响,探讨γ-PGA在提高水稻耐干旱中的效果和生理作用机制。结果表明,在12.5% PEG-6000胁迫下,使用100、200mg/L外源γ-PGA后,水稻幼苗的叶枯率降低,叶鲜重、干重和叶片活力明显提高,水稻幼苗的耐旱性较未添加γ-PGA处理（CK）增强。经外源γ-PGA处理后,水稻幼苗叶片中活性氧的累积量减少,脯氨酸、游离氨基酸和可溶性总糖的含量较对照分别提高1.3%~8.6%、0.2%~10.7%、13%~28.6%,差异达显著水平 (P< 0.05);外源γ-PGA可明显减缓干旱胁迫下钾离子含量降低的速率。外源γ-PGA可能通过参与水稻幼苗的渗透调节而提高水稻的耐旱能力。