白鲢鱼糜低钠复合盐配方响应面法优化

为降低白鲢鱼糜制品中的钠盐含量,在斩拌过程中添加氯化钠、氯化钾和氯化钙3种盐类,以凝胶强度、持水性和白度为评价指标,研究三者对鱼糜凝胶特性的影响.在单因素试验的基础上,采用Box-Benhnken试验设计和响应面分析法得到低钠盐优化配方.结果表明,白鲢鱼糜低钠盐的最优配方为:氯化钠质量分数1.0％、氯化钾质量分数1.0％、氯化钙质量分数0.5％,其中钠盐添加量的质量分数降低至1.0％,且复合盐总添加量的质量分数仅为2.5％.此条件下,白鲢鱼糜凝胶强度达到196.50 g·cm,持水性为76.37％,白度为75.44.     

冰藏鲢的鲜度变化对其鱼糜凝胶作用的影响

通过比较不同冰藏时间的鲢所制鱼糜在各种加热温度下的凝胶化和凝胶劣化的特性,考察了鲢的鲜度变化与鱼糜凝胶作用能力的关系。实验结果表明：冰藏０￣９天鲢鱼糜,在３０℃低温一段加热时凝胶的形成与链鲜度关系不大;８５℃一段加热时,凝胶化能力随鲜度下降而降低;３０￣８５℃二段加热与３０℃一段加热相比,两者凝胶破断强度之间的差值随鲢鲜度的下降而减小;６０℃加热条件下,凝胶劣化程度随原料鲜度下降而明显加剧。据此可见：鲜度对鲢鱼糜凝胶作用能力的影响主要表现在凝胶劣化方面。８５℃高温一段加热和３０￣８５℃二段加热的凝胶强度之所以受鲜度下降而影响,都是由于加热时经过了易劣化的６０℃温度区所致。从总体上看,鲢肉蛋白质在冰藏条件下较为稳定,保持较强的凝胶化能力。     

漂洗方式对低盐罗非鱼鱼糜凝胶性能的影响

以低盐罗非鱼鱼糜为原料,研究了不同漂洗方式对鱼糜凝胶特性的影响。结果表明：漂洗对低盐罗非鱼鱼糜的品质有较大影响。传统漂洗方式下的鱼糜凝胶具有最大凝胶强度,碱盐水洗和未漂洗鱼糜凝胶的强度分别次之,TCA可溶性肽的含量和鱼糜凝胶的蛋白溶解率则依次增大。聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS PAGE）图谱显示传统漂洗方式制备的鱼糜拥有较宽的肌球蛋白重链和肌动蛋白谱带,且拥有更加致密、均一的超微结构。因此,传统漂洗方式的应用可以显著提高低盐罗非鱼鱼糜凝胶制品的品质。     

漂洗水温对淡水鱼鱼糜蛋白质热变性的影响

以青鱼、草鱼、鲢、鳙、卿5种淡水鱼为研究对象，研究淡水鱼糜加工中漂洗水温对蛋白质热稳定性的影响。实验结果表明：⑴5种鱼肉经漂洗后的肌原纤维Ca^2 -ATPase活性及凝胶强度均随漂洗水温上升而降低，并且在水温达15℃时有一加速下降的转折点；⑵鲫蛋白质受漂洗水温影响最小，其余依次为草鱼、青鱼、鲢、鳙。     

Biochemical Properties of Pelagic Fish Proteins as Affected by Isolation Methods and Gel Properties by Heating Methods

The biochemical and gel properties of Pacific sardine and Pacific mackerel were characterized as affected by preparation and cooking methods. Four to eight times more salt soluble proteins were extracted from water-washed paste than fish protein isolate (FPI) paste. Higher total sulfhydryl content was measured in FPI, indicating the exposure of sulfhydryl groups during alkaline extraction. Comparing gel properties based on two cooking methods (slow and fast), the two pelagic fish proteins performed quite differently. Heating rate did not differentiate between surimi and FPI gels from sardine. However, mackerel exhibited higher texture values when using the fast cooking method, indicating the presence of high levels of proteolytic enzymes. Water-washed surimi gels were whiter than FPI for both species. Water retention ability appeared to be higher with mackerel than sardine, regardless of isolation and cooking method. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel eletrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) also supported a difference in processing chemistry and thermal behavior between two methods for protein isolation and cooking, respectively.     

Evaluation of stock management procedures for walleye pollock in northern waters of the Sea of Japan using a simulation

To evaluate walleye pollock stock management procedures in the northern waters of the Sea of Japan, 30-year population dynamics, including uncertainties, were forecast. Errors in current stock size estimation, variability in future recruitment and changes in future fishing mortalities were incorporated. Results of virtual population analysis (VPA) from resampled catch-at-age data with bootstrap methods was used as the current stock size estimation with uncertainty. Performances of each scenario were evaluated using conservation, utilization, stability and reliability factors. Twenty-two management scenarios and continuing the current fishing mortality were evaluated. Scenarios with minor regulation changes and continuing the current fishing mortality showed poor stock conservation performances. Scenarios with minor regulation changes produced good short-term but poor long-term utilization. Stabilities were poor in continuing the current fishing mortality and fishing ban scenarios. Reliability in all scenarios after 30 years was smaller than in continuing the current fishing mortality; however, small differences among scenarios were observed. The simulation results indicated that multilateral assessment is needed to evaluate the management candidates. Uncertainty caused by recruitment variability mostly affected future population dynamics. The role of simulations in the production of effective scientific advice is discussed.     

Prey selection of common minke (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) and Bryde's (Balaenoptera edeni) whales in the western North Pacific in 2000 and 2001

A study of common minke and Bryde's whales was conducted in the western North Pacific in the 2000 and 2001 summer seasons to estimate prey selection of cetaceans as this is an important parameter in ecosystem models. Whale sighting and sampling surveys and prey surveys using quantitative echosounder and mid‐water trawl were carried out concurrently in the study. Biomasses of Japanese anchovy, walleye pollock and krill, which were major prey species of common minke and Bryde's whales, were estimated using an echosounder. The results suggested that common minke whale showed prey selection for Japanese anchovy while they seemed to avoid krill in both the offshore and coastal regions and walleye pollock in the continental shelf region. Selection for shoaling pelagic fish was similar to that in the eastern North Atlantic. Bryde's whale showed selection for Japanese anchovy in August 2000 and July 2001, while it showed prey selection for krill in May and June in 2001.     

Temperature-dependent stock-recruitment model for walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) around northern Japan

Changes in fish year‐class strength have been attributed to year‐to‐year variability in environmental conditions and spawning stock biomass (SSB). In particular, sea temperature has been shown to be linked to fish recruitment. In the present study, I examined the relationship between sea surface temperature (SST), SSB and recruitment for two stocks of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) around northern Japan [Japanese Pacific stock (JPS) and northern Japan Sea stock (JSS)] using a temperature‐dependent stock‐recruitment model (TDSRM). The recruitment fluctuation of JPS was successfully reproduced by the TDSRM with February and April SSTs, and February SST was a better environmental predictor than April SST. In addition, the JPS recruitment was positively related to February SST and negatively to April SST. The JSS recruitment modeled by the TDSRM incorporating February SST was also consistent with the observation, whereas the relationship between recruitment and February SST was negative, that is the opposite trend to JPS. These findings suggest that SST in February is important as a predictor of recruitment for both stocks, and that higher and lower SSTs in February act favorably on the recruitment of JPS and JSS respectively. Furthermore, Ricker‐type TDSRM was not selected for either of the stocks, suggesting that the strong density‐dependent effect as in the Ricker model does not exist for JPS and JSS. I formulate hypotheses to explain the links between SST and recruitment, and note that these relationships should be considered in any future attempts to understand the recruitment dynamics of JPS and JSS.     

Gel Properties of Surimi from Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix): Effects of Whey Protein Concentrate,CaCl2, and Setting Condition

The effects of setting time, whey protein concentrate (WPC), and calcium chloride (CaCl₂) on textural properties of silver carp surimi were investigated. Response surface methodology was used to evaluate and compare the effects of setting time (30–90 min), WPC (1–9% of protein ratio), and CaCl₂ (1–59 mmol/kg) on the gel strength. Models for breaking force, breaking distance, and gel strength of surimi gel were established. The maximum gel strength was achieved at the setting time of 60 min, WPC and CaCl₂ at 5% protein ratio, and 15–18 mmol/kg. CaCl₂ was the most significant factor affecting the gel strength.