Intra‐household constraints on educational attainment in rural households in Papua New Guinea

This paper examines intra‐household and socio‐cultural factors leading to differential outcomes in educational attainment by gender and birth order amongst smallholder oil palm households in Papua New Guinea. Not all children share equitably in the household resources allocated to education: females have lower average education levels than males, and high birth order children have higher education attainment than lower birth order siblings, indicating preferential parental investment in sons and early born children. The findings demonstrate that despite households having regular access to relatively high incomes from oil palm and residing in close proximity to schools, primary school net enrolment rates remain significantly lower than those for East Asia and the Pacific region, and the millennium development goal of universal primary education has not been met. This finding is likely to be the result of a combination of intra‐household factors including gender power imbalances, low parental education levels, the agency of youth in educational decision‐making and the weakening attraction of education as a means of improving income‐earning potential.     

农业科研院所科研开发模式研究

阐述了农业科研院所在科研开发过程中的发展现状,指出了其存在的主要问题:精力与经费不足,科研开发两头难以兼顾;产权制度缺陷可能导致农业科研院所背上沉重的包袱;缺乏与企业合作,低水平重复研究现象比较普遍。提出了农业科研院所科研开发模式的建议:优先考虑技术成果直接转让模式,其次推崇合作开发—技术入股模式,最后要慎用创办企业—科研生产销售一体化模式。     

转基因植物食用安全评价

2014年全球转基因植物种植面积达到1.815亿hm2,转基因植物商业化发展给全球农业和环境带来巨大收益,但是其安全性问题仍然受到广泛争议。目前,对转基因植物的安全评价在全球范围内已经建立起较为完善的体系,但是各国政府对评价程序的具体要求还存在差异。为了在法律法规层面规范转基因植物安全评价程序,中国农业部颁布了《转基因植物安全评价指南》,涵盖了详细的转基因植物及其产品的安全性评价内容。本文结合案例分析,对该指南中的食用安全评价部分详细解析和论述了包括营养学、毒理学、致敏性以及非期望效应等安全评价程序,旨在为我国转基因植物的食用安全评价提供有益的指导与借鉴。     

Outcomes after extrahepatic portosystemic shunt ligation in 49 dogs

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate outcomes after attenuation of extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs using surgical silk. DESIGN: Retrospective study. PROCEDURE: Case records were reviewed for degree of surgical attenuation, experience of the primary surgeon, perioperative mortality and problems related to persistent portosystemic shunting or shunt ligation. Presence of portosystemic shunting after surgery was evaluated by ammonia tolerance testing, measurement of postprandial serum bile acid, plasma urea and cholesterol concentrations and liver enzyme activity. The influence of age, postocclusion portal pressure, primary surgeon, degree of attenuation and postoperative biochemical findings on the occurrence of postoperative problems was assessed. RESULTS: The mortality rate was 2.1%. Shunt attenuation was complete in 34% and partial in 66% of dogs. Portal hypertension necessitating ligature removal was encountered in only one dog. Five dogs experienced neurological abnormalities (seizures or ataxia), possibly as a manifestation of 'postligation seizure syndrome'. Postoperative liver function was normal in 78% of dogs, including 70% with partial shunt attenuation. Experience of the surgeon was related positively to outcome after partial attenuation (P = 0.002). Postoperative biochemical evidence of abnormal liver function was the most sensitive predictor of recurrence of clinical signs referable to persistent portosystemic shunting. CONCLUSIONS: In the hands of an experienced surgeon, surgical attenuation of single extrahepatic shunts was safe and effective, even in animals with partial attenuation. Most dogs with biochemical evidence of persistent shunting suffer relapse of clinical signs within 18 months of surgery. Postligation neurological syndromes of variable intensity may be more common than previously thought.     

What the past tells us about the future of Pacific salmon research

The Larkin lectures are held every two years at the University of British Columbia in recognition of Dr. Peter Larkin's contributions to fisheries science. The lecture I presented in November 2015 coincided with an announcement that the Institute of Fisheries that Peter Larkin founded in the 1960s would be restructured as the “Institute for Oceans and Fisheries” with an emphasis on fisheries and oceans issues important to British Columbia as well as the rest of the world. I decided to look back at research issues that Peter Larkin thought would be important for Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in the future and see what has happened as a way of identifying the complexity that the Institute for Oceans and Fisheries in particular and the science community in general will face. I chose five themes from Peter Larkin's talks: 1 understanding marine survival, 2 ocean carrying capacity, 3 aquaculture, 4 climate, Pacific salmon and climate change and 5 informing the public, and then added my opinion about research priorities for the future. Peter Larkin recognized the future relevance of these examples, but he probably could not have imagined how these and related issues will challenge his renamed institute and the rest of the research community over the next 50 years.     

编目外包中意外因素的出现及对策

编目外包是高校图书馆工作发展的趋势,编目外包节省了图书馆编目人员的时间,提高了编目工作效率和强化了图书馆的核心服务。由于编目外包是书商与图书馆的合作,在实际合作中会出现一些意外的因素,影响着编目外包后的服务质量,阻碍了编目外包事业的健康发展。对合作中出现意外因素的问题,本文提出解决对策。     

How commercial fishing effort is managed

Wild capture fisheries produce 90 million tonnes of food each year and have the potential to provide sustainable livelihoods for nearly 40 million people around the world ( http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5555e.pdf ). After decades of overfishing since industrialization, many global fish stocks have recovered, a change brought about through effective management. We provide a synthetic overview of three approaches that managers use to sustain stocks: regulating catch and fishing mortality, regulating effort and regulating spatial access. Within each of these approaches, we describe common restrictions, how they alter incentives to change fishing behaviour, and the resultant ecological, economic and community‐level outcomes. For each approach, we present prominent case‐studies that illustrate behaviour and the corresponding performance. These case‐studies show that sustaining target stocks requires a hard limit on fishing mortality under most conditions, but that additional measures are required to generate economic benefits. Different systems for allocation allow stakeholder communities to strike a locally acceptable balance between profitability and employment.     

Participatory development of decision support systems: which features of the process lead to improved uptake and better outcomes?

Decision support systems (DSSs) are important in decision-making environments with conflicting interests. Many DSSs developed have not been used in practice. Experts argue that these tools do not respond to real user needs and that the inclusion of stakeholders in the development process is the solution. However, it is not clear which features of participatory development of DSSs result in improved uptake and better outcomes. A review of papers, reporting on case studies where DSSs and other decision tools (information systems, software and scenario tools) were developed with elements of participation, was carried out. The cases were analysed according to a framework created as part of this research; it includes criteria to evaluate the development process and the outcomes. Relevant aspects to consider in the participatory development processes include establishing clear objectives, timing and location of the process; keeping discussions on track; favouring participation and interaction of individuals and groups; and challenging creative thinking of the tool and future scenarios. The case studies that address these issues show better outcomes; however, there is a large degree of uncertainty concerning them because developers have typically neither asked participants about their perceptions of the processes and resultant tools nor have they monitored the use and legacy of the tools over the long term.     

大学英语技巧型课程设置与评价——以选修课《求职英语》为例

随着应试教育向素质教育的转变,大学英语课程中技巧型课程越来越得到学生的青睐。以云南农业大学选修课——《求职英语》为例,通过详细描述此课程的设置、实施与评价过程,揭示研究技巧型课程和深层学习法之间的关系。     

转基因生物食用安全评价技术体系及其发展趋势

针对如何更加科学合理地评价转基因生物食用安全的问题,采用比较研究的方法对国际组织及我国对转基因生物的食用安全评价框架进行对比,结果表明:1)目前全球对转基因生物的食用安全评价主要包括新表达物质毒理学评价、致敏性评价、营养成分分析、全食品安全性评价、食品加工对食用安全的影响、抗生素抗性评价;2)虽然目前全球基本形成了对转基因生物食用安全评价的原则和技术体系框架,但由于新型生物技术产品的出现,转基因生物食用安全评价的具体过程存在争议;3)转基因生物食用安全评价体系需要在营养学检测方面构建作物营养数据库,在毒理学检测方面构建毒蛋白数据库,在致敏性检测方面建立体外细胞评价模型,在非期望效应方面构建非期望效应评价模型。综上,面对新型生物技术产品,需要继续发展、完善已经建立的转基因生物食用安全评价原则和技术体系,以更好地保障人类健康。