Tagging effects on three non-native fish species in England (Lepomis gibbosus, Pseudorasbora parva, Sander lucioperca) and of native Salmo trutta

Abstract –  To address the dearth of information on tagging effects and long-term survivorship of tagged fish in native and introduced species, laboratory and field investigations were undertaken on three non-native fish species (pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus ; topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva ; pikeperch Sander lucioperca ) tagged with coded-wire (CW), passive integrated transponder (PIT), radio (RT) telemetry and/or acoustic tags (AT), with survivorship of native brown trout ( Salmo trutta ) examined in the field. Laboratory results revealed high survivorship following tag attachment/insertion and resumption of feeding within 24–48 h of tagging (all mortalities could be attributed to an unrelated outbreak of fungal infection), with retention rates being high in both pumpkinseed and pikeperch but low in topmouth gudgeon (excluded from field studies). In the field, short-term post-operation survival was high in pikeperch, pumpkinseed and brown trout. In pumpkinseed and trout, 100% of RT fish survived a 24–30 day tracking study, with 60% and 80%, respectively, recaptured alive at least 3 months post-tagging. Of PIT tagged pumpkinseed, 44% were recaptured (after 6–18 months), with small-sized, CW-tagged fish (0.38 g weight) captured up to 1 year after tagging. In pikeperch, all AT fish except one (the smallest specimen) survived their full expected tracking period (i.e. tag life) – the single lost specimen survived at least half of its expected tracking period (i.e. 6 month battery life). Overall, the tagging methods used were highly effective in pumpkinseed and pikeperch, showing good retention and survival, but PIT tagging of topmouth gudgeon was plagued by low survivorship and tag rejection.     

饲料中不同碳水化合物水平对翘嘴红铂生长及血液指标和糖代谢酶的影响

选用540尾翘嘴红铂，随机分成高、中、无碳水化合物3组，每组设3个重复。日粮保持总能一致，以等量可消化糖替代等量蛋白，即分高碳水化合物组（含可消化糖23．98％（以下均为质量分数），粗蛋白40．53％）、中碳水化合物组（含可消化糖14．45％，粗蛋白50．14％）、无碳水化合物组（含可消化糖为0，粗蛋白63．38％），饲养8周，测定鱼体血液指标、糖代谢酶活性及生长等指标。试验结果表明：与无碳水化合物组比较，中碳水化合物组显著增加了血液胆固醇含量，降低了己糖激酶活性（P〈0．05）；高碳水化合物组显著降低了增重率、特定生长率、肌肉粗蛋白及粗灰分含量（P〈0．05），显著增加了血糖含量、葡萄糖激酶含量、丙酮酸激酶活性、肝胰脏粗蛋白及粗脂肪含量（P〈0．05）。与中碳水化合物组相比，高碳水化合物组也显著增加了肝体比、血液甘油三酯含量、葡萄糖激酶活性、肝胰脏粗蛋白及粗脂肪含量（P〈0．05），无碳水化合物组显著降低了胆固醇含量（P〈0．05）。两者之间其他指标差异不显著。因此高糖日粮可诱导翘嘴红铂肝脏葡萄糖激酶、丙酮酸激酶等糖代谢酶活性，促进了营养物质在肝脏等内脏中沉积，但是可能不利于生长。     

饲料蛋能比对翘嘴鲌幼鱼生长性能、肠道和肝胰脏消化酶活性的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料蛋能比对翘嘴鲌幼鱼生长性能、肠道和肝胰脏消化酶活性的影响.试验设3个蛋白质水平(45％、40％、35％)和3个脂肪水平(5％、8％、11％),配成9种不同蛋能比的试验饲料.选取初始均重为(10.14±0.40)g的翘嘴鲌幼鱼810尾,随机分为9组(每组3个重复,每个重复30尾),分别投喂蛋能比为30.94(蛋白质/脂肪=45％/5％,D1)、29.73(蛋白质/脂肪=40％/5％,D2)、28.11(蛋白质/脂肪=35％/5％,D3)、29.03(蛋白质/脂肪=45％/8％,D4)、27.79(蛋白质/脂肪=40％/8％,D5)、26.32(蛋白质/脂肪=35％/8％,D6)、26.90(蛋白质/脂肪=45％/11％,D7)、25.71(蛋白质/脂肪=40％/11％,D8)、23.50 g/MJ(蛋白质/脂肪=35％/11％,D9)的试验饲料8周.结果表明:饲料蛋能比对翘嘴鲌幼鱼增重率、特定生长率、肝体比和肠脂比均有显著影响(P＜0.05).增重率和特定生长率的最大值均出现在D5组,但D5组的特定生长率与D4、D6、D7组无显著差异(P＞0.05).饲料蛋能比显著影响肠道和肝胰脏蛋白酶活性(P＜0.05),二者均随饲料蛋能比增加而先升后降.其中,肠道蛋白酶活性以D4组最高,并显著高于其他各组(P＜0.05);肝胰脏蛋白酶活性以D7组最高,但与D4、D5、D6组差异不显著(P＞0.05).肠道和肝胰脏脂肪酶活性随饲料蛋能比的改变产生显著变化(P＜0.05),但未表现出规律性.各组肠道和肝胰脏淀粉酶活性差异不显著(P＞0.05).综上所述,翘嘴鲌幼鱼饲料适宜蛋能比在26.90～29.03 g/MJ范围内,由二次曲线回归方程得出饲料蛋能比为27.15 g/MJ时的特定生长率最大;考虑到翘嘴鲌幼鱼生长效果和节约蛋白质情况,饲料适宜蛋能比下的蛋白质、脂肪水平应分别为40％、8％.     

长江下游铜鱼线粒体DNA（mtDNA）遗传多样性的PCR-RFLP分析

对长江下游铜鱼线粒体DNA控制区（D-Loop区）和细胞色素b（Cytb）基因进行PCR扩增,扩增片段用10种限制性内切酶酶切。PCR-RFLP研究结果表明,D-Loop区和Cytb基因均未表现出个体之间的长度变异现象。10种核酸内切限制酶中,有2种对Cytb基因有酶切位点,有3种对D-Loop区有酶切位点。有酶切位点的5种限制性内切酶共检测到3种线粒体DNA单倍型。在Cytb基因检测到铜鱼个体间的变异,在D-Loop区没有检测到铜鱼个体间的变异。长江下游铜鱼线粒体DNA单倍型多样性指数（h）为0.6071,线粒体DNA遗传多样性较低。     

长江上游铜鱼体内全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)残留分布特征

为阐明长江上游鱼类全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)的残留分布,本研究于2013年分3次在长江上游不同江段,采集该地主要经济鱼类铜鱼(Coreius heterokon)。采用超高效液相色谱–质谱联用法分析铜鱼肌肉、肝和性腺3种不同组织全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)含量。结果表明,铜鱼组织内PFOS检出率为100%,总体均值为2.72 ng/g(0.33~10.14 ng/g)。PFOS含量水平在肝最高(5.56 ng/g),肌肉次之(1.39 ng/g),性腺最低(0.62 ng/g)。不同组织间差异极显著(K-W test,P0.01),表明鱼类肝比肌肉和性腺更易于积累PFOS。在不同采集江段,PFOS含量仅在肌肉组织差异显著(ANOVA,P0.05);在不同年龄组,PFOS含量有随鱼类年龄增长而增高的趋势,且在各组织中差异显著(ANOVA,P≤0.05),该结果表明PFOS含量可能与鱼类摄食内容及生理参数不同有关。与已有研究相比,长江上游铜鱼PFOS暴露水平低于国内外淡水、海水鱼类,目前仍处于一个较低水平。     

圆口铜鱼船体网箱养殖过程中鱼病防治要点

根据圆口铜鱼（ Coreius guichenoti）船体网箱饲养经验,总结了养殖过程中多种鱼病（小瓜虫、疖疮病、车轮虫、三代虫、指环虫、水霉病、肝胆综合征、应激性出血病、头槽绦虫病、赤皮病、腐皮病、斜管虫、钟形虫和锚头鳋等）的发病特征和防治技术。     

受马拉硫磷抑制的麦穗鱼 (Pseudorasbora parva)脑乙酰胆碱酯酶 (AChE)的恢复

研究了受亚致死剂量马拉硫磷抑制的麦穗鱼 (Pseudorasboraparva)脑乙酰胆碱酯酶 (AChE)的活性恢复。马拉硫磷处理浓度分别为 0 .5mg L、1.0mg L、2 .0mg L ,约为LC5 0 的 1 2 0、1 10、1 5。处理 48h后 ,AChE抑制率随浓度升高而增加 ,分别为 33.76 %、5 7.89%、6 3.0 5 %。恢复 12 0h后 ,0 .5mg L处理过的鱼AChE恢复到了对照的 80 %以上 (80 %被认为是鱼的安全限 ) ;1.0mg L处理过的鱼经 2 88h也恢复到了对照的 80 %以上 ;而 2 .0mg L处理过的鱼恢复 36 0h还低于对照的 6 0 %。恢复期间后两个处理鱼AChE活性差异加大。这些结果表明恢复研究能够提供更多信息     

Eradication of the invasive Pseudorasbora parva results in increased growth and production of native fishes

Abstract –  The topmouth gudgeon, Pseudorasbora parva , has been described as Europe's most invasive fish. To control their UK invasion, some lentic populations at risk of causing fluvial dispersal have been eradicated. The first of these operations was from a lake in north-west UK in March 2005 using rotenone application; prior to eradication, their mean density was estimated as 6.1 m⁻² whereas since eradication, no P . parva have been recorded. Prior to rotenone application, the majority of native fishes were removed, held off-site and reintroduced following degradation of rotenone to safe levels. In the three growth seasons since their reintroduction and P . parva eradication, the abundance, somatic growth rate and production of roach Rutilus rutilus and common bream Abramis brama have increased significantly; production is now driven by a lower number of comparatively larger, faster growing individuals. These data suggest that the eradication of this P . parva population has been highly beneficial for the growth, recruitment and production of these native species.     

运输时间和MS-222浓度对翘嘴鲌皮质醇、乳酸及氧气袋内水质的影响

釆用MS-222浓度为0(C0组)、5 mg/L(C1组)、10 mg/L(C2组)、15 mg/L(C3组)、20 mg/L(C4组),运输时间为0、2、4、6、8、10 h,运输密度为33 g/L,采用5×6双因素实验,氧气袋运输翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)稚鱼,研究了运输时间和MS-222浓度对翘嘴鲌全鱼皮质醇、乳酸含量及氧气袋内水质的影响。结果显示:翘嘴鲌全鱼皮质醇、乳酸水平随运输时间呈现先升高后降低的趋势,随麻醉剂浓度的增加而显著降低;C1-C4组的DO、p H随运输时间呈现先降低后升高的趋势,C0组则随运输时间的增加显著降低,各组的DO和p H随MS-222浓度的增加而显著增加;C1-C4组的氨氮(TAN)和游离CO_2浓度随运输时间呈现先升高后降低的趋势,而C0组则随运输时间的增加显著升高,各组的TAN和游离CO_2浓度随MS-222浓度的增加而显著降低。时间和浓度的交互作用都显著。运输时间T6 h时,MS-222刺激翘嘴鲌,不利于运输,运输时间T6 h时,MS-222能显著降低其应激水平及代谢强度,其中C4组皮质醇、乳酸含量最低,C3、C4组水质条件最好,其适宜的麻醉剂浓度为15~20 mg/L。