不同游泳运动对菊黄东方鲀非特异性免疫的影响

通过水槽实验法,观察了菊黄东方鲀的游泳行为,测量了其爆发游速及临界游速,同时观察了鱼体过氧化氢酶、溶菌酶、超氧化物歧化酶等的活性变化,分析了游泳对菊黄东方鲀免疫力影响,为菊黄东方鲀的健康养殖及科学的增殖放流提供参考。结果表明:体长在（18.1-19.8）cm的菊黄东方鲀的临界游速在45-62cm/s,体长在（18.8-20.6）cm的菊黄东方鲀的爆发游速为（58.5-78.2）cm/s;与对照组相比,爆发游速实验组菊黄东方鲀肝脏过氧化氢酶、溶菌酶、超氧化物歧化酶的活性均高于对照实验组菊黄东方鲀（P?0.05）;临界游速实验组菊黄东方鲀溶菌酶高于对照组（P?0.05）,血液中的超氧化物歧化酶和肝脏过氧化氢酶的活性没有显著变化(P>0.05)。研究表明,急性应激反应对超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、溶菌酶的活性影响较大。     

Recording cerebellar neuron activities in swimming goldfish

ABSTRACT:   Neuronal activities were investigated in the cerebellum of immobilized and swimming goldfish Carassius auratus . Extracellularly recorded neural activities of the cerebellum in immobilized goldfish were characterized and classified into five types. Based on the waveforms and recording depths, these five neural activity types were estimated to originate from three identified classes of cerebellar neurons: Purkinje cells, eurydendroid cells, and granule cells. Chronic recording of cerebellar neuron activities in unrestrained goldfish was performed for more than 100 h. During the chronic recordings, a submersible amplifier attached to the goldfish head, and a multielectrode array developed for the present study were used. Neuronal activities in the cerebellum of free-swimming fish could also be classified into five types as in the immobilized condition. Firing patterns of two neurons identified as Purkinje cells and eurydendroid cells were analyzed during turning movements of the goldfish. The firing patterns of these neurons changed in relation to turning movements. Although some improvements are required, the chronic recording method developed in the present study can be applied to further investigations concerning the direct relationship between brain neural activities and certain behavior.     

人工饲养倒刺鲃幼鱼的野化训练

为了探讨追赶训练对鱼类野化能力的影响,以倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus denticulatus)幼鱼为试验对象,采用鳜鱼塑料模型进行每天2次、每次5 min的追赶训练,研究了追赶训练7和15 d对倒刺鲃躲避模拟捕食者的逃逸时间、临界游泳速度(Ucrit)、摄食比率、特定生长率等指标的影响。结果显示,追赶训练7和15 d后倒刺鲃躲避模拟捕食者的逃逸时间显著低于对照组(P<0.05),摄食比率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。追赶训练7 d后的Ucrit与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05),但追赶训练15 d后的Ucrit显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而追赶训练15 d后的特定生长率相较对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05)。研究表明,采用该方法训练15 d后能提高倒刺鲃幼鱼的反捕食能力和游泳能力等与野外生存相关的行为能力,同时并不降低幼鱼的生长。追赶训练15 d的野化效果优于7 d。     

北盘江2种典型增殖放流鱼类突进游速研究

长臀（Cranoglanis bouderius）和白甲鱼（Onychostoma sima）是目前北盘江主要放流鱼类,但这2种鱼的放流效果差异较大。由于鱼类的突进游速在一定程度上影响增殖放流的效果,故试验采用自制测试装置,用递增流速法测试了2种鱼的突进游速。结果显示,白甲鱼的突进游速大于长臀,且2种鱼的突进游速均随体长增加而近似线性增大;而相对突进游速则随着体长的增加而近似线性减小。研究结果可为北盘江鱼类增殖放流和放流效果评估,以及日后北盘江的拦鱼、诱鱼、集鱼船等鱼类资源保护措施的实施提供参考。     

圆柱干扰对杂交鲟幼鱼游泳能力及代谢行为影响研究

为了研究流场扰动对鱼类游泳行为和代谢的影响,本研究测定了单、双圆柱(平行)扰动条件下杂交鲟(Acipenser schrenckii♀×A.baeri♂)幼鱼的临界游泳速度和耗氧率。结果显示:与对照组比较,单、双圆柱扰动条件下,杂交鲟幼鱼U_crit比对照组分别增加了1.71%和40.41%。游泳过程中,耗氧率和速度呈线性关系,单、双圆柱扰动条件下,速度系数b值显著小于对照组,上溯运动中能量利用效率较高。圆柱设置形成的流场环境有利于提高杂交鲟幼鱼游泳能力和游泳效率。湍动能为1.960×10^-4～46.92×10^-4 m^2/s^2时,杂交鲟幼鱼游泳效率较高,上溯所需的能耗减少。     

Active metabolism in larval and juvenile fish: ontogenetic changes,effect of water temperature and fasting

Oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion and fish swimming speed were measured in fish induced to swim by optomotor reaction in a circular metabolism chamber. The relationship between the swimming speed and fish metabolism described by exponential equations allowed the extrapolation to the standard metabolism, i.e. at zero swimming speed. The partitioning of the catabolised protein in the energy supply was estimated based on AQ (volume of ammonia/ volume of oxygen) values. Weight specific standard metabolism, as expressed by the ammonia excretion rate, decreased by one order of magnitude in coregonids as the fish grew from 20 to 780 mg body weight. The slope of the relationship between oxygen uptake and swimming speed decreased in coregonid ontogenesis. In salmon, after 12 days of fasting 28% of energy used was derived from protein, whilst coregonid juveniles utilized mostly lipid. Active swimming in fasted juveniles of coregonid, as well as in salmon, led to the accelerated utilization of protein as a source of energy, based on AQ coefficients. In juveniles acclimated to a range of water temperatures from 14 to 26°C, the changes in standard or active metabolic rate (expressed as oxygen uptake or ammonia excretion) were described by Q₁₀ coefficients. They were generally higher for the ammonia excretion rate than for the oxygen uptake rate and for active metabolism than for standard metabolism. Utilization of protein as energy for swimming differed significantly between the species, being in general one order of magnitude higher in coregonids than in salmon. The use of protein for swimming activity tended to decrease during coregonid ontogenesis.     

自然水体中超声波标记鱼游动轨迹精密确定算法

针对鱼类关键生境位置确定的应用需求,该文提出了一套适用于自然水体的超声波标记鱼定位算法,解决了标记鱼定位以及存在粗差观测值,即水听器记录的超声波信号接收时间存在错误情况下算法的抗干扰性。宜昌黄柏河的实测结果表明,基于现有1 ms级精度的水听器,可在自然水体中获得2.15 m精度的信号标记鱼三维游动轨迹。如因气泡、遮挡等因素对水听器观测数据引入粗差,当粗差量级在10 m以上,该方法可接近100%探测出是否存在粗差。当粗差观测值在3个以内时,该方法的探测成功率可达84.3%以上,3个以上时粗差探测成功率明显下降,5个及以上,即粗差观测值个数占观测值总数的比例大于31.25%时,基本只能探测出观测数据中存在粗差而无法有效确定粗差。该研究可为渔业增殖、鱼类栖息地保护、鱼类洄游通道等研究提供参考。     

Interspecific differences in early life‐history traits in a species complex of stream‐resident galaxiids

Fish differentially provision resources to eggs and larvae to optimise survival during the critical early life‐history period. Resource allocation is limited by a trade‐off between egg size and fecundity, and the optimal strategy varies with habitat type. This study examines the consequences of egg size differences for the early life‐histories of four closely related galaxiid species which occur in contrasting habitat types on the South Island, New Zealand. Headwater species had substantially larger water‐hardened eggs, longer incubation times, and newly hatched larvae were on average up to 41% longer than lower catchment species. Significant interspecific differences in gape diameter, eye diameter and myomere depth were also observed. Swimming ability was positively associated with larval length at hatch. Interspecific differences in length and swimming ability were generally maintained throughout the larval period, despite larvae being reared under relatively benign conditions where many other studies suggest initial differences should disappear. These results demonstrate the consequences of differential maternal provisioning to the egg for larval traits. The larger larvae of headwater species are likely to be more resistant to starvation and have improved foraging ability compared to lower catchment species; traits which are likely to confer them survival advantages in the low productivity, food‐scarce environments they occupy. The smaller larvae of lower catchment species are likely to be a consequence of females investing in fecundity in these relatively resource‐rich streams.     

梭子蟹粉代替鱼粉和大豆蛋白对仿刺参幼参生长的影响

在水温25.6～27.0℃、盐度31、光照2000lx条件下饲育仿刺参苗种,研究了鱼粉、大豆蛋白与梭子蟹粉3种蛋白源对仿刺参幼参生长的影响。在饲料中分别按海藻质量的1‰、2‰、3‰分别添加鱼粉、大豆蛋白与梭子蟹粉。在27个容积为56L的玻璃钢水槽中分别放入一片30cm×40cm的波纹板和200头(0.1g/头)幼参,适量充气进行培育。试验结果表明,鱼粉试验组中以1‰的添加量效果最好,20d内质量增加175.0%,平均每头幼参质量日增加(3.75±0.9)mg;大豆蛋白试验组中以1‰的添加量效果最好,20d内质量增加165.0%,平均每头幼参质量日增加(3.25±0.3)mg;梭子蟹粉试验组中以3‰的添加量效果最好,20d内质量增加203.5%,平均每头幼参日质量增加(5.17±0.7)mg。3种蛋白源的1‰添加量中,效果依次为:鱼粉>蟹粉>大豆蛋白>空白组,空白组与添加蛋白源组之间差异极显著(P<0.01);2‰添加量中,效果依次为:蟹粉>鱼粉>大豆蛋白>空白组,蟹粉与鱼粉和大豆蛋白之间差异显著(P<0.05),空白组与添加蛋白源组之间差异极显著(P<0.01);3‰添加量中,效果依次为:蟹粉>鱼粉>大豆蛋白>空白组,蟹粉与鱼粉和大豆蛋白之间差异极显著(P<0.01),空白组与添加蟹粉试验组之间差异极显著(P<0.01)。试验结果证明,用梭子蟹粉作蛋白源效果显著好于鱼粉和大豆蛋白。