蛋鸡血清硷性磷酸酶变化规律的研究

本试验以京白Ⅲ系为试验材料,测定了四个时期的血清AL P活性,研究了其变化规律。结果表明,AL P同工酶型快型酶活性显著高于慢型。年龄、同工酶型及年龄×同工酶型互作对AL P活性有显著影响。AL P活性与产蛋量间遗传相关表现为,在生长期为正,而产蛋期为负。四个年龄中,AL P做为间接选择指标,以6周龄为最佳.     

Adverse impact of industrial animal agriculture on the health and welfare of farmed animals

Industrial animal agriculture is grounded in the concept of maximizing productivity and profit. Selective breeding for maximum productivity in one characteristic of the animal (e.g. milk yield in cows, or breast meat in broiler chickens) has resulted in genotypes and phenotypes that may predispose the animals to poor health and welfare. The conditions in which these individuals are kept may also frustrate many inherited behaviors that they are strongly motivated to perform. In order to curb the resulting harmful aberrant behaviors, such as feather‐pecking in chickens, we sometimes resort to mutilating the animals. In many places chickens are routinely de‐beaked by means of a hot metal guillotine. Compassion in World Farming (an international organization that promotes the humane treatment of farm animals) believes that it is unethical to treat sentient beings in such ways. We have a duty to respect farm animals' sentience by providing them with housing conditions that take their needs and wants into account, and by reverting to the use of dual‐purpose, slower‐growing breeds that have the potential for good welfare. Alternatives to current farming practices are available, and we owe it to the animals, and to our consciences, to pursue them.     

Differential Cl−/Salt Tolerance and NaCl‐Induced Alternations of Tissue and Cellular Ion Fluxes in Glycine max,Glycine soja and their Hybrid Seedlings

The salt‐sensitive Glycine max N23674 cultivar, the salt‐born Glycine soja BB52 population, and their hybrid 4076 strain (F₅) selected for salt tolerance generation by generation were used as the experimental materials in this study. First, the effects of NaCl stress on seed germination, tissue damage, and time‐course ionic absorption and transportation were compared. When qualitatively compared with seed germination appearance in culture dishes, and tissue damages on roots or leaves of seedlings, or quantitatively compared with the relative salt injury rate, the inhibition on N23674 was all the most remarkable. After the exposure of 140 mm NaCl for 1 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 2 days and 4 days, the content of Cl^? gradually increased in the roots and leaves of seedlings of BB52, 4076 and 23674. Interestingly, the extents of the Cl^? rise in roots of the three experimental soybean materials were BB52 > 4076 > N23674, whereas those in leaves were just on the contrary. Secondly, by using the scanning ion‐selective electrode technique (SIET), fluxes of Na⁺ and Cl^? in roots and protoplasts isolated from roots and leaves were also investigated among the three experimental soybean materials. After 140 mm NaCl stress for 2, 4 and 6 days, and when compared with N23674, slighter net Cl^? influxes were observed in root tissue and protoplasts of roots and leaves of BB52 and 4076 seedlings, especially at the cellular protoplast level. The results indicate that with regard to the ionic effect of NaCl stress, Cl^? was the main determinant salt ion for salt tolerance in G. soja, G. max and their hybrid, and the difference in their Cl^?/salt tolerance is mainly attributed to the capacity of Cl^? restriction to the plant above‐ground parts such as leaves.     

从土壤中分离棉枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfetum (Atk) Synder & Hansen)选择性培养基研究

本文介绍一种用于分离检测土壤中棉枯萎病菌的选择性培养基—植选2号。其成分为:KH_2PO_41g,MgSO_4·7H_2O 0.5g,K_2S_2O_50.2g,KCl0.6g,NH_4NO_3 0.5g,蛋白胨5g,山梨糖10g,蔗糖5g,琼脂20g,蒸馏水1000ml,PCNB 620mg,Oxgall1g,硫酸链霉素300mg,盐酸金霉素75mg。根据棉枯萎病在此培养基上的形态特征,能较容易地识别和检测该病菌。     

蒺藜苜蓿WRKY转录因子密码子使用偏好性分析

密码子使用偏好性普遍存在于各种生物中,但突变和自然选择压力对每种生物密码子使用偏好性不同.WRKY基因家族是一类只存在于植物的转录因子,主要参与植物体内转录调控和信号转导过程.本研究以蒺藜苜蓿(Medicago truncatula)WRKY转录因子(MtWRKY)为研究对象,揭示Mt WRKY基因密码子使用偏好性形成的主要因素,并筛选最优密码子.研究结果表明,代表MtWRKY基因的点均分布在有效密码子数(effective number of codons,ENC)标准曲线以下,表明密码子受自然选择压力或突变选择压力或其他因素影响;密码子第1、2位平均GC含量(GC12)与密码子第3位GC含量(GC3)相关性分析发现,GC12与GC3呈显著正相关(r=0.34,P＜0.01),表明突变压力导致密码子3个位点具有相似的GC含量;GC3s值分布在0.2～0.5之间,表明密码子使用偏好性主要受突变压力影响.奇偶偏好分析表明,MtWRKY基因第3位密码子CT含量＞AG含量.G和C(或者A和T)不成比例分布在密码子第3位上,表明密码子使用偏好性受到自然选择压力影响,但很可能突变压力仍起主要作用.最优密码子使用频率(frequency of optimal codons,Fop)与GC含量以及序列长度相关性分析发现,Fop与外显予GC含量呈显著正相关(r=0.57,P＜0.01),而与内含子GC含量呈较弱正相关(r=0.09,P＞0.05);Fop与外显子序列的长度呈正相关(r=0.28,P＜0.05),而与内含子长度呈负相关(r=-0.01,P＞0.05).表明MtWRKY基因外显子和内含子序列的形成受不同选择压力影响;外显子密码子使用偏好性受突变压力影响,而内含子可能是由于自然选择压力作用于突变选择形成的.确定了4个以G或C结尾的最优密码子.研究结果为WRKY转基因研究过程中密码子优化提供了理论支持.     

Application of sperm cryopreservation in selective breeding of the Pacific oyster,Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg)

The robustness of Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg), sperm cryopreservation in the context of selective breeding based on family lines was investigated. Irrespective of egg density, high fertilization success was achieved with cryopreserved sperm when sperm:egg ratios of 1000:1 to 10 000:1 were used. Variation among replicate runs on the same oyster batches was minimal, indicating that cryopreservation and larval rearing procedures were repeatable. Twenty independent single male–female crosses were made to assess the utility of cryopreserved sperm in selective breeding. The fertility of unfrozen sperm was generally a poor predictor of cryopreserved sperm fertility. Based on D‐larval yields, 17 of the 20 crosses were likely to yield adequate spat for selective breeding (>10⁵ D‐larvae from 1 million eggs), two were marginal (5 × 10⁴ D‐larvae) and one was inadequate (4 × 10³ D‐larvae). An alternative fertilization strategy to improve D‐yield from a given number of sperm was then tested. Fertilizing 10 million eggs at a sperm:egg ratio of 200:1 increased the total D‐yield when compared with fertilizing 1 million eggs at a sperm:egg ratio of 2000:1 for the same male–female pair. We conclude that, despite wide variation in fertility, cryopreserved sperm is useful for family production.     

采摘机器人选择性作业信息获取研究——基于无标定视觉伺服系统

以采摘机器人采摘作业为研究对象,以选择性采摘成熟果蔬为研究目标,基于无标定视觉伺服系统,结合果蔬成熟特性判断目标果实是否适合采摘,设计了一套以MSP430F149为核心的智能检测控制系统,可以实时处理相机采集到的图像,并选择性采摘符合要求的果实。本文重点研究了视觉伺服原理与模型、果实成熟度判断、选择性作业信息获取,以及系统的硬软件设计,并对文中设计研究的系统进行了可行性验证。试验结果表明:该无标定视觉伺服系统判断准确,能够较大程度提高机器人的可靠性与稳定性,应用前景宽广。     

SCR系统尿素水溶液喷雾分解影响因素数值模拟

为研究柴油机SCR系统的尿素水溶液喷雾分解规律,建立了SCR尿素水溶液喷射雾化模型,进行了尿素喷射及雾化过程的数值模拟,分析了排气温度、排气流量、喷射速率和喷嘴布置位置对尿素水溶液分解的影响。结果表明,随着排气温度的升高,排气管内壁尿素水溶液粒子密度逐渐降低,且排气管内壁出现尿素水溶液粒子堆砌的位置逐渐后移,NH3体积分数随排气温度的升高呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,400℃时的NH3体积分数较高;随着排气流量的增大,排气管内壁出现尿素水溶液粒子堆砌的位置明显后移,NH3体积分数降低;随着尿素水溶液喷射速率的增大,排气管内壁尿素水溶液粒子密度逐渐增大,NH3体积分数呈近似线性增加,排气管内壁出现尿素水溶液粒子堆砌的位置基本不变;随着距离喷嘴布置位置的增大,尿素水溶液粒子的热解和水解反应进行更为充分,NH3体积分数逐渐增大。     

Challenges facing arthropod biological control: identifying traits for genetic improvement of predators in protected crops

Biological control is an efficient pest control method but there are still limitations that are hindering its wider adoption. Genetic improvement of biological control agents (BCAs) can help to overcome these constraints, but the choice of key attributes for better performance that need to be selected is still an open question. Several characteristics have been suggested but the harsh reality is that selective breeding of BCAs has received a lot of attention but resulted in very little progress. Identifying the appropriate traits to be prioritized may be the first step to reverse this situation. In our opinion, the best way is to look at the factors limiting the performance of key BCAs, especially generalist predators (pesticide compatibility, prey‐density dependence, non‐suitable crops, and extreme environmental conditions), and according to these challenges, to choose the attributes that would allow BCAs to overcome those limitations. The benefits of selection for higher resistance to toxins, whether artificially applied (pesticides) or plant produced (plant defenses); increased fitness when feeding on non‐prey food (supplemented or plant‐derived); and better adaptation to extreme temperature and humidity are discussed. In conclusion, genetic improvement of BCAs can bring about new opportunities to biocontrol industry and users to enhance biocontrol resilience. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

用选择性指示菌筛选除莠霉素A高产菌株

以吸水链霉菌NND 5 2菌株为原始菌株 ,利用紫外诱变和LiCl复合处理 ,采用琼脂柱移菌法进行初筛。用清酒酵母作为特异性指示菌 ,经复筛获得一株除莠霉素A高产菌株 ,产量为 980 0 9μg·mL-1 ,比原始菌株提高了 2 2 6倍。