Net depth response of a depth-controllable (towed) gillnet for fish sampling

SUMMARY: Flume-tank experiments were performed to examine the depth response of a new type of depth-controlled gillnet. Variations of net depth were investigated as the warp was paid out and wound up for different changes of warp length, main sinker weights, and winch speeds. In most experiments, when the warp finished paying out, the net continued to descend and then ascended slightly to an equilibrium depth (overshoot phenomenon). The overshoot distance was nearly constant when the warp was wound up and increased linearly with increasing winch speed when the warp was paid out. An increase in winch speed reduced net settling time, which converged on a constant value for both paying out and winding up.     

Evaluation of sampling methods and assessment of the sample size to estimate the weed seedbank in soil, taking into account spatial variability

As field sampling is time consuming, it is necessary to develop efficient sampling techniques to obtain accurate estimates of the weed seedbank in soil. The relative efficiency between sampling schemes depends on the spatial variability in weed seed density across agricultural fields. Spatial variability of the weed seed density was characterized by theoretical correlograms. A systematic sampling (square grill) scheme was considered and it was found that, taking into account spatial variability, this sampling scheme was more efficient than simple random sampling. As a result, the sample size can be reduced in comparison with that given in previous studies, where spatial correlation was ignored. The reduction depends on the correlation structure defined as a function of the ratio, τ, between the nugget effect and the sill of the variogram. The maximum reduction of the sample size, without loss of either precision or confidence level corresponds to the case where there is no nugget effect, τ = 0. The opposite extreme case, where the reduction is nil, corresponds to the case of a pure nugget effect τ = 1. The abaci based on given expressions are provided to determine the sample size in species whose spatial pattern can be fitted either to a Poisson or to a negative binomial distribution.     

谷物胚乳性状QTL区间作图的贝叶斯方法

将贝叶斯统计原理和胚乳性状的数量遗传模型相结合,以分离群体中各植株的分子标记基因型以及植株上若干粒种子胚乳性状的单粒观测值为数据模式,提出胚乳性状QTL区间作图的贝叶斯方法.该方法通过Gibbs以及Metropolis-Hastings抽样实现的马尔科夫链蒙特卡罗(MCMC)算法获得QTL效应和位置的估计.方法的有效性用染色体水平和基因组水平2套模拟方案进行验证,结果表明:贝叶斯方法能够准确地估计胚乳性状QTL的位置和效应,并同时区分2种显性效应.     

马铃薯甲虫空间分布型及序贯抽样

马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say是一种重要的害虫,为明确其在新疆的空间分布,及时采取有效的防控措施,在田间调查的基础上,采取随机取样和Iwao回归分析法对新疆乌鲁木齐地区的马铃薯甲虫成虫、卵块和幼虫的空间分布型、理论抽样数及幼虫的序贯抽样方法进行了研究。结果表明,马铃薯甲虫各虫态空间格局的聚块性指标均大于1,空间分布型为普通群聚型;对低龄幼虫进行序贯抽样,当防治阈值为50头/样方、置信水平为1.96时,防治上、下限方程分别为:d1=50n+81n和d0=50n-81n,当百株虫量达到756头以上时需要进行防治。     

六盘山半湿润区华北落叶松林内降雨的空间异质性及合理取样数

目的 林内降雨的空间变异对林地土壤水分、林下植被生长有重要影响,准确刻画其空间变异特征,并确定其收集器的合理布设数量,有助于准确理解森林对水文的影响。 方法 于2021年6—10月,在六盘山半湿润区香水河小流域的华北落叶松（Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii (Mayr) Pilg.）纯林样地,利用样地内布设的40个林内降雨收集器收集每场降雨事件的林内降雨量,分析展叶和落叶期林内降雨的空间变异特征,并量化雨量收集器的合理布设数量。 结果 （1）整个生长季,林内总降雨量440.0 mm,占同期林外降雨量的77.5%,林内降雨空间变异系数28.23%;展叶和落叶期,林内总降雨量分别为153.8 和290.2 mm,占同期林外降雨量的73.0%和80.2%,林内降雨空间变异系数分别为36.0%和18.5%。总体上,林内降雨空间变异随次降雨量、雨强和降雨历时的增加先快速下降后逐渐趋于稳定。（2）整个生长季及展叶和落叶期林内降雨的块基比分别为0.042、0.012和0.275,变程分别为4.8、4.0和6.5 m。（3）在95%置信区间内,若将误差控制在5%内,至少需在展叶和落叶期分别布设17和14个截面积为235.58 cm2的雨量收集器。 结论 受降雨量和冠层结构差异影响,华北落叶松林内降雨空间变异在展叶和落叶期存在差异,不同时期雨量收集器合理布设数与林内降雨空间变异密切相关,要确保整个生长季林内降雨评估的准确性,应重视不同时期雨量收集合理布设数差异的影响。     

典型喀斯特小流域不同降雨等级水化学最优采样频率初探

[目的] 当前研究主要关注非喀斯特地区长时间尺度频率研究,对喀斯特不同降雨等级下的水化学采样频率研究不足,喀斯特小流域不同降雨等级水化学的最优采样频率尚不明确。[方法] 利用黔中高原典型喀斯特小流域在2022年6月至2023年7月不同降雨等级(大暴雨、大雨、中雨)间隔1 h的高频电导率(EC)数据,重采样为2~15 h的低频数据后,结合多种评价指标和突变点理论,确定喀斯特小流域不同降雨等级下水化学的最优采样频率。[结果] (1)喀斯特小流域受地质背景影响,水化学响应降雨呈现暴涨暴落特征,低频采样误差损失量大;(2)I₆₀(最大60 min降雨强度)、前期无雨天数和降雨量通过影响水文过程,进而改变水化学变化特征,最终影响采样频率;(3)大暴雨等级下建议选择4 h频率为宜,大雨等级下建议5 h频率,中雨等级下当I₆₀>10 mm/h时建议5 h采样频率,I₆₀较小时(I₆₀<10 mm/h)最优采样频率为6 h。[结论] 研究结果为喀斯特小流域水化学监测提供参考。     

水稻纹枯病抽样技术

采用Iwao.m-x回归法和Southwood公共kc值法求得理论抽样数模型,从而导出在不同置信度、为害株率-x和允许误差d下的理论抽样数n和最适抽样单位.采用Iwao和Willson提出的序贯抽样法得到2个序贯抽样模型,进而获得纹枯病的Iwao-Willson复合序贯抽样法.经比较,结果表明该方法为最佳调查法,可大大减小调查误差.     

Method of Constructing Core Collection for Malus sieversii in Xinjiang, China Using Molecular Markers

The method for constructing core collection ofMalus sieversii based on molecular marker data was proposed. According to 128 SSR allele of 109 M. sieversii, an allele preferred sampling strategy was used to construct M. sieversii core collection, using the UPGMA （unweighted pair-group average method） cluster method according to Nei ＆ Li, SM, and Jaccard genetic distances, by stepwise clustering, and compared with the random sampling strategy. The number of lost allele and t-test of Nei＇s gene diversity and Shannon＇s information index were used to evaluate the representative core collections. The results showed that compared with the random sampling strategy, allele preferred sampling strategy could construct more representative core collections. SM, difference for construction of M. sieversii core collection. Jaccard, and Nei ＆ Li genetic distances had no significant SRAP （sequence-related amplified polymorphism） data and morphological data showed that allele preferred sampling strategy was a good sampling strategy for constructing core collection of M. sieversii. Allele preferred sampling strategy combined with SM, Jaccard, and Nei ＆ Li genetic distances using stepwise clustering was the suitable method for constructing M. sieversii core collection.     

基于空间采样的城市景观格局梯度分析——以成都市中心城区为例

通过空间网格采样的格局指数在景观水平上定量并图示化分析了成都市绕城高速以内区域的城市景观格局特征和城乡景观格局差异。结果表明,成都市的圈层式发展特点能够通过空间采样的格局指数进行量化,并且不同的指数从不同的方面表现了成都市景观格局在城乡梯度上的差异。除表现景观形状特征的指数不太规则外,在城乡梯度上平均斑块面积、斑块密度、边缘密度以及聚集度均表现出逐渐上升或下降的单调变化趋势,而最大斑块指数、分割度和Shannon多样性指数均由于城乡交错带的影响表现出非单调变化趋势。     

棉花烂铃空间格局及抽样技术研究

本文通过聚集度指标（如：Ｃ、Ｋ、Ｃ＿Ａ、Ｉ、Ｉ＿δ、）测定，以及Ｉｗａｏ’线性回归、Ｔａｙｌｏｒ’ｓＳ￣２一回归和格局纹理分析，结果表明，棉花烂铃空间格而在一切密度下都呈聚集型，且聚集强度随烂铃密度的升高而增加，其空间格局的基本成分是疏松的个体群，其大小约为２～５株棉花，平均约含２．８４个烂铃个体，且个体群内的个体呈随机分布，经μ检验和方差分析，双对角线５点式、棋盘式和平行跳跃式等３种取样方法均适用于棉花烂铃田间调查，尤以双对角线５点式为佳，用双对角线５点式应样法调查的最适抽样数：一般病情普查至少１０个样方（每样方系５株棉花），系统测报和科研调查为２０～３０个样方。最后给出了棉花烂铃平均密度的零频率简易估计模型。