河岸带耕地降雨径流产流特征分析

在孟津黄河漫滩的河岸带上开展了野外定位观测,研究了自然降雨情况下,河岸林地转变成农耕地前后降雨地表径流产流的污染特征。结果表明,河岸滩区具有较强的土壤人渗能力,径流产流的次降雨量临界值为20mm;滩区径流系数相对偏小：耕地平均3．5％,林地平均2．0％;在耕地开垦初期,由于雨滴的直接溅蚀,表土存在“板结”现象,径流系数增加较为明显。河岸滩区的降雨径流呈弱碱性（pH=8．0—9．5）,且盐分含量偏高;耕地径流和林地径流水质的差异表现在耕地径流具有较低的高锰酸盐指数和总氮含量;由于耕地的径流产生量明显大于林地,耕地径流的污染物（土壤颗粒物、有机物、总氮和总磷）产生总量约是林地径流的1．5-3．0倍。土壤翻动后的首次降雨通常会引起耕地较平时5—10倍的土壤颗粒物和总磷流失。林改耕后,径流颗粒物和总磷含量较参照耕地平均增加3倍,成为滨河漫滩农田开垦初期的应首要控制的污染物。河岸滩区在河岸缓冲、屏障和面源污染物削减方面具有重要的水文生态功能,因此在河岸滩区的开发进程中,应注重加强对原生河岸带的生态保护与管理。     

河岸缓冲带净污机制及其效果影响因子研究进展

随着经济社会的飞速发展,农业面源污染已成为导致河流、湖泊、水库等水体水质恶化、营养化的重要原因.居于水陆交界处的河岸缓冲带对净化河流水质具有重要作用,被认为是控制面源污染的“最佳管理措施”（BMPs）之一.在系统地总结国内外河岸缓冲带净污机制及其净污效果影响因子所取得的主要研究成果的基础上,针对目前研究中存在的不足,提出净污机制研究不局限于氮、磷等营养元素以及地表径流去污的机制研究,除考虑自然因素外,还应综合考虑人为因素对河岸带净污效果的影响.     

骆马湖滨岸缓冲带土壤性质的空间异质性分析

通过野外调查、采样以及地统计学的方法,研究了骆马湖东南岸有草和无草两块滨岸缓冲区土壤的氮、磷、有机质含量的异质性特征,探讨植物带对污染物的富集、截留作用.结果表明:有草区土壤的TN、TP及有机质的平均含量均大于无草区;在骆马湖滨岸缓冲带,不同的植物群落对氮、磷元素的截留、富集效率差异不大;植物群落对有机质的截留作用不明显,有草区和无草区的有机质含量的性质较为接近.滨岸缓冲带植物能够通过吸收、截留、吸附、分解等作用减少湖泊水体中的碳、氮、磷的含量.研究结果可为骆马湖非点源的治理提供理论参考,为湖泊滨岸缓冲带的研究和构建提供借鉴.     

Management strategies to increase stand structural diversity and enhance biodiversity in coastal rainforests of Alaska

Coastal rainforests of southeast Alaska have relatively simple species composition but complex structures with high diversity of tree ages, sizes and forest canopy layers, and an abundant understory plant community. Wildlife and fisheries resources also play an important role in the ecological functioning of forest and aquatic systems. Clearcutting has greatly altered these forest ecosystems with significant decreases in structural diversity of forest stands and greatly reduced wildlife habitat. This paper synthesizes information on management options in older forests that have never been actively managed, and in younger forests to increase diversity of stand structures and their associated effects on biodiversity. Light to moderate levels of partial cutting in old-growth forests can maintain the original diversity of overstory stand structures and understory plant communities. In younger forests that develop after clearcutting, mixed alder-conifer stands provide more heterogeneous structures and significantly higher understory biomass than in pure conifer forests. Research has shown that red alder increases diversity and abundance of understory plants, and provides forage for deer and small mammals. Results also show a clear linkage between alder and improved invertebrate diversity in aquatic systems. A combination of light partial cutting in older forests along with inclusion of red alder in conifer-dominated forests could provide the greatest amount of diversity and maintain the complex stand structures that are an important component of these forest ecosystems.     

基于土地利用结构的河流岸带生态系统服务簇识别

河流岸带生态系统服务功能的有效发挥是河流生态系统稳定且健康的重要保障之一。为识别河流岸带土地利用与生态服务价值的空间结构,本文从河流岸带保护角度选取水资源保护、净化环境、水文调节、土壤保持、维持养分循环、生物多样性六项生态服务功能,基于遥感影像解译的土地利用数据,运用修正的当量因子法估算得到生态服务价值的空间分布规律,进而进行层次聚类分析识别河流岸带生态服务簇,并应用于太湖流域湖西区溧阳市县级河流——竹箦河作为实例研究。结果表明：（1）竹箦河河流岸带六项生态服务价值呈现出显著的空间异质性和聚集性。（2）竹箦河河流岸带可划分为五大类生态服务簇,分别为水源涵养型、绿色多元型、经济生态型、生态脆弱型以及耗水污染型。（3）各类服务簇的生态系统服务特点与空间布局分异明显,与岸带实际土地利用结构相协调,揭示了竹箦河河流岸带生态服务功能普遍较薄弱的现状。本文的研究结果可为竹箦河及类似平原地区骨干河流岸带功能区划分以及河流岸带生态保护与修复方案的制定提供理论参考。     

河岸带植被的温度效应——以许昌市清溟河为例

以许昌市清溟河岸带植被为研究对象,观测不同植被覆盖下的温度效应,初步得出以下结论：①不同类型植被覆盖的大气温度和土壤温度都表现出明显的”单峰”变化。植被对日温极差变化的缓解作用是通过降低最高温度来实现,对最低温度影响不明显。②林内各垂直高度与大气温度相关密切。并存在明显的梯度效应,随着垂直梯度及层次间距离的增加,相关系数减小。③各类型植被覆盖对温度变化的影响具有动态性和时序性。     

Effects of Clear‐Cutting Alder Coppice on Surface Soil Properties and Aboveground Herbaceous Plant Biomass

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of clear‐cutting and skidding impacts on surface soils in an alder coppice and aboveground herbaceous biomass. For this purpose, experimental sites used in the study were a randomized complete block with four replications. Some soil properties were measured at 60 pits at 0 to 5 cm and 5 to 10 cm deep in control, normal harvest, and main skid trail sites. In the main skid trail site, as compared to the control and normal harvest site, the bulk density increased from 0.90 to 1.52g cm^?3, the soil organic‐matter content decreased from 4.77% to 1.65%, and saturated hydraulic conductivity decreased from 86.34 to 9.6 cm h^?1 at 0 to 5 cm deep. Optimization of harvesting time and rehabilitation of skid roads needed to be done to prevent and minimize negative impacts of the skid roads on soils.     

升金湖消落带植被特征及与土壤特性的关系

探讨湖泊湿地土壤特性对植物多样性的影响,对于理解湿地植被分布及功能的维持机制具有重要意义.在安徽升金湖消落带沿水位梯度设立研究样方,测定植物的盖度、地上生物量以及土壤含水量、有机碳、全氮、全磷等指标,并结合Pearson相关性分析、冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)探讨了土壤特性对植物多样性的影响.结果表明,随着地下水位上升,土壤含水量与全氮含量显著增加(P<0.05),土壤有机碳和土壤全磷含量显著降低(P<0.05).土壤有机碳、全磷含量以及C?N与土壤含水量极显著负相关(P<0.001),土壤全氮、N?P以及C?P与土壤含水量极显著正相关(P<0.001).土壤含水量、土壤全氮含量以及C?P和N?P是影响消落带植被物种多样性变化的关键因子,共同解释了变化的91.85％.总之,土壤含水量可以直接影响消落带植物多样性,也可以通过改变土壤中氮元素的转化和磷元素的有效性间接影响物种多样性.     

桤柏混交林的效益探讨

桤柏混交林是川中丘陵区的主要造林类型。本文对不同年龄阶段的桤柏混交林进行了对比研究。结果表明：２６年生的混交林中其柏木在单位面积上的蓄积最比纯柏木林大８０．６％，地上中分生物量比纯林高４７．２％；混交林柏木的Ｎ，Ｐ，Ｋ，Ｃａ等营养元素含量分别 比纯柏林高６５．４７％，５０．４３％，７．７０％和１７．９６％；混交林内空气相对湿度比纯柏木林大９．４－１０．５％，混交林能改善生态环境，提高土壤肥力。     

Application of the analytic hierarchy process to riparian revegetation policy options

While riparian vegetation can play a major role in protecting land, water and natural habitat in catchments, there are high costs associated with tree planting and establishment and in diverting land from cropping. The distribution of costs and benefits of riparian revegetation creates conflicts in the objectives of various stakeholder groups, and elicitation of importance weights of objectives and determination of rankings of a number of policy options by these stakeholder groups becomes critical in decision-making. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is a multicriteria analysis technique that provides an appropriate tool to accommodate the conflicting views of various stakeholder groups. The AHP allows the users to assess the relative importance of multiple criteria (or multiple alternatives against a given criterion) in an intuitive manner. This paper presents an application of AHP to obtain preference weights of environmental, social and economic objectives which have been used in ranking riparian revegetation policy options in a small catchment (watershed) in north Queensland, Australia. The preference weights towards environmental, economic and social objectives have been obtained for the various stakeholder groups (landholders, representatives of local sugar mill staff, environmentalists, recreational fishers and the local community). The AHP technique has proved useful in eliciting objectives and ranking policy options as well as in checking for consistency of the statements of stakeholder groups. Implementation of this approach requires a complex data elicitation process.