传统农业回顾与稻渔产业发展思考

对传统农业的深入理解无疑有助于对农业现代化的推进。稻渔共生产业作为优秀传统农业的典范,对于推进中国农业现代化进程与可持续发展和世界稻渔共生产业的健康发展具有重要的启迪作用。本文从人类文明发展历程,尤其是中国传统农业文明发展历程的回顾切入,简要介绍了重要农业文化遗产的概念、内涵、实施及意义,并以传统稻鱼共生系统为例,深刻分析其传衍数千年的科学机制,讨论了稻渔共生产业发展面临的技术挑战及未来发展战略。研究指出,农耕文明的核心理念在华夏文明发展过程中具有重大的现实意义,而于20世纪60年年代初期兴起并不断强化的石油农业则可能存在包括农业生物多样性简化、农用化学品依赖、生产成本增高、资源竞争激烈、环境压力增大以及这些工业化的现代农业对发展中国家传统农业产生的不对等的利益竞争和负面影响显而易见。在政府政策激励以及来自科技工作者、技术人员和从农者的共同努力下,从中国优秀传统农业的典范传统稻鱼共生系统逐渐衍生、演变形成的稻渔共生生态种养产业在提高水土资源利用效率、丰富稻田产出、提高农民收入、减少面源污染等方面独具优势。研究表明,相关从业人员需要高度关注现阶段稻渔共生产业发展过程中所遇到的诸如模式选用、景观与农业生物多样性布设、种养协调、肥力调控、产品营销等技术细节问题并加以用心对待、科学掌握。因此提出,未来稻渔共生产业的发展还需要解决农艺机械化、投施精准化、农事省力化等新挑战,并呼吁学界、业界和政策制定部门等聚焦合力解决。     

稻虾共作对土壤有机碳的影响及其与土壤性状的关系

通过田间定位试验,以水稻单作为对照,研究稻虾共作模式对土壤有机碳的影响,采用Pearson(皮尔逊)相关性分析法,探讨稻虾田中土壤有机碳与土壤肥力、土壤酶活力的关系。结果表明:稻虾共作显著(P<0.05)增加了土壤有机质含量,但低C/N饲料投喂组的土壤有机碳含量显著(P<0.05)下降。稻虾共作条件下,土壤全磷、脲酶与有机碳呈显著(P<0.05)正相关,土壤有机质、纤维素酶与有机碳分别呈极显著(P<0.01)和显著(P<0.05)负相关。土壤铵氮与有机质呈显著(P<0.05)负相关,土壤纤维素酶与有机质呈显著(P<0.05)正相关。     

Effects of Rice-Fish Co-culture on Oxygen Consumption in Intensive Aquaculture Pond

Rice-fish co-culture has gained increasing attention to remediate the negative environmental impacts induced by intensive aquaculture. However, the effect of rice-fish co-culture on oxygen depletion has rarely been investigated. We constructed a rice-fish co-culture system in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) and freshwater shrimp (Macrobrachium nipponense) ponds using a new high-stalk rice variety, and conducted a field experiment to investigate the effect of rice-fish co-culture on water parameters and oxygen consumption. The results showed that rice-fish co-culture reduced the nutrients (total nitrogen, ammonia-N, total phosphorous and potassium) and the dissolved oxygen content in fish and shrimp ponds. However, they showed similar seasonal change of dissolved oxygen in the water of fish and shrimp ponds. Rice-fish co-culture reduced the total amount of oxygen consumption and optimized the oxygen consumption structure in pond. The respiration rates in water and sediment were significantly reduced by 66.1% and 31.7% in the catfish pond, and 64.4% and 38.7% in the shrimp pond, respectively, by additional rice cultivation. Rice-fish co-culture decreased the proportions of respiration in sediment and water, and increased the proportion of fish respiration. These results suggest that rice-fish co-culture is an efficient way to reduce hypoxia in intensive culture pond.     

中国传统稻鱼共生系统的历史分析

中国是历史上最早进行稻田养鱼的国家,这种传统的生态农业方式既充分、合理地利用水土资源,又能增产粮食和水产品,具有显著的经济、社会和生态效益,因而被传承下来,并在稻作区广泛传播,成为极富生命力的农业文化遗产,对当今农业生产中生物多样性的利用富有启发意义。这一历史传统的形成和发展,与自然资源、经济发展状况、生态环境条件和文化传统密不可分。今天传统稻鱼生产方式正面临诸多亟待解决的问题。     

提升稻鱼共生模式的若干关键技术研究

新一轮稻田生态养殖在国内已经广泛开展,为了提升传统的稻鱼共生模式的产量,探讨了不同水平的水稻移栽密度和复合肥(N:P:K=14:2:7)施用量对稻田养鱼产量的影响,以及在不产生面源污染的情况下最适宜稻鱼共生系统的生产模式,通过田间试验对不同的处理所得到的产量进行测定和分析。结果表明：在田鱼产量为750 kg/hm²模式下,适当的增加水稻移栽密度(25 cm×25 cm)能显著增加水稻产量(P=0.005)而不影响田鱼产量(P=0.175);稻鱼共生系统的水稻产量可以降低对复合肥的依赖,将复合肥施用量水平从750 kg/hm²减少到600 kg/hm²,水稻和鱼产量都没有显著性改变,生产成本下降,环境面源污染风险降低。本试验研究提出适合本地生态条件和生产习惯的稻鱼系统管理模式是：水稻移栽密度30 cm×30 cm,复合肥施用480 kg/hm²,投放规格为55±3 g的冬片9000尾/hm²,设计产量为稻7500 kg/hm²、鱼1500 kg/hm²。实践证明,这种优化模式能较好地利用稻鱼共生系统中的各种资源而不产生面源污染等环境压力,可以推荐到全球重要农业文化遗产保护项目青田稻鱼共生系统保护地所在的青田县及其周边乃至全国范围内生态条件及生产消费习惯类似的地区。     

不同稻田综合种养模式的成本效益分析

为获知和分析稻田综合种养模式在中国的发展现况及存在问题,根据2013年中国4个省份两种主要稻田种养模式的调查数据,采用Kruskal—Wallis非参数检验等方法分析了不同稻田种养模式在生产投入、经济效益上的差异以及在化肥、农药减量等方面的效应。结果显示,稻田综合种养具有较好的经济和生态效益,稻蟹、稻鱼两种种养模式的平均利润为水稻单作的2.43~3.92倍,化肥成本减少2.8%~49.2%,农药成本减少3.2%~83.6%,但技术成熟度及产业化程度的差异使种养户在最终经济收益及生态效益上的极差较大。研究表明,中国稻田综合种养规模化程度不够、成本投入偏高、综合种养生态、社会效益提升有限是目前面临的主要问题,因此加大政府的扶持力度,加强种养关键技术的研究,因地制宜将规模化的现代农业与传统稻田种养相结合是解决这些问题的关键。     

Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Rice-Duck and Rice-Fish Complex Ecosystems and the Evaluation of Their Economic Significance

Rice-duck （RD） and rice-fish （RF） ecological systems are major complex planting and breeding models of rice paddy fields in southern China. Studying the methane （CH4） and nitrous oxide （N2O） emissions and their economic value from these two ecosystems can provide theoretical and practical basis for further development and utilization of these classical agricultural techniques. CH4 and N2O emissions from RD and RF ecological systems were measured in situ by using static chambers technique. Using global warming potentials （GWPs）, we assessed the greenhouse effect of CH4 and N2O and their economic value. Results showed that the peaks of CH4 emission fluxes from RD and RF appeared at full tillering stage and at heading stage, and the average emission fluxes were significantly （P〈 0.05） lower than that from CK. N2O fluxes remained low when the field is flooded and high after draining the water. Compared with CK, the total amount of N2O emissions was significantly （P〈0.05） higher and slightly lower than those from RD and RF, respectively. In 2006 and 2007, the total greenhouse effect of CH4 and N20 from RD and RF were 4 728.3 and 4 611 kg CO2 ha^-1, 4 545 and 4 754.3 kg CO2 ha^-1, respectively. The costs of greenhouse effect were 970.89 and 946.81 RMB yuan ha^-1, and 933.25 and 976.23 RMB yuan ha^-1, respectively, which were significant lower than those from CK （5 997.6 and 5 391.5 RMB yuan ha^-1）. Except for the environment cost of CH4 and N2O, the economic benefits from RD and RF were 2 210.64 and 4 881.92 RMB yuan ha^-1; 3 798.37 and 5 310.64 RMB yuan ha^-1, respectively, higher than those from CK. Therefore, RD and RF complex ecological planting and breeding models can effectively decrease and control CH4 and N2O emissions, and they are two of the effective strategies to reduce greenhouse gases from rice paddy fields and contribute in alleviating global warming. Thus, their adoption is important to the environment together with their economy benefits.     

不同水稻栽培密度下青田稻—鱼共生系统的土壤肥力

作为联合国粮农组织的首个全球重要农业文化遗产(GIAHS)试点保护项目,青田稻—鱼共生系统以其独特的优势受到越来越多的关注。为了更好地保护这一亚洲首个GIAHS项目,实验观察了青田稻—鱼共生系统在不同水稻栽培密度下的土壤肥力情况。结果显示,调查区域稻田土壤的pH值为5.50～6.13,呈弱酸性;土壤养分(全氮、有机质、有效磷和速效钾)含量随水稻生长均呈先减少后增加趋势,且在拔节期—抽穗期达到最低值,但在水稻收割前的成熟期均能恢复至不低于初始的较高水平,表明青田田鱼的活动有助于维持土壤肥力。根据水稻产量与土壤养分的关联度分析结果,发现与水稻产量关系最密切的因子是土壤pH和速效钾;相比于含量丰富的全氮、有效磷和有机质,轻度缺乏的速效钾和较低的pH值限制了水稻的生长和最终产量。研究表明,在本季种养过程中,水稻栽插密度对稻田土壤肥力的影响不显著。     

广东省稻鱼共生生态种养发展现状与对策建议

稻鱼共生是一种能够改善农田生态环境、提高稻田能量和物质利用效率的现代生态农业生产模式。 近年来,我国在稻鱼共生生态种养的理论研究和技术推广等方面取得了较大进步。研究表明,该模式在化肥农 药减量、稻田增产增效、土壤和水体改良等方面具有明显优势,可以有效保障粮食安全,增加农民收入,减少 面源污染,具有良好的经济效益、生态效益和社会效益。目前,广东省稻鱼共生生态种养模式的推广面积仍然较小。 主要阐述了广东省稻鱼共生生态种养模式的发展概况,在广东省发展该模式具有自然资源优势,指出广东省稻 鱼共生生态种养模式存在应用面积少、产量低、技术研发和推广滞后、水肥管理落后、适宜于该模式的水稻品 种和田鱼品种较少以及机械化和智能化技术缺乏等问题。该模式在广东省具有十分广阔的市场前景,提出未来 广东省应该加强政策支持,引导产业发展;强化关键技术支持、完善技术规范和推动三产融合,促进乡村振兴 等对策建议,以期为促进广东省稻鱼共生生态种养的发展提供科技指导。     

Logistic Regression Analysis on Factors Affecting Adoption of Rice-Fish Farming in North Iran

We evaluated the factors influencing the adoption of rice-fish farming in the Tavalesh region near the Caspian Sea in northern Iran.We conducted a survey with open-ended questions.Data were collected from 184 respondents(61 adopters and 123 non-adopters) randomly sampled from selected villages and analyzed using logistic regression and multi-response analysis.Family size,number of contacts with an extension agent,participation in extension-education activities,membership in social institutions and the presence of farm workers were the most important socio-economic factors for the adoption of rice-fish farming system.In addition,economic problems were the most common issue reported by adopters.Other issues such as lack of access to appropriate fish food,losses of fish,lack of access to high quality fish fingerlings and dehydration and poor water quality were also important to a number of farmers.