注射用盐酸土霉素的细菌内毒素检查

参照<中国兽药典>二○○○年版一部附录细菌内毒素检查法,研究了注射用盐酸土霉素对细菌内毒素检测的干扰情况,确定0.312 5 mg/mL浓度的供试品溶液对检测无干扰作用,建立了注射用盐酸土霉素的细菌内毒素限量检查方法.     

土霉素对柑橘黄龙病的防治效果及对柑橘产量和品质的影响

为有效防控柑橘黄龙病,于2017年在佛罗里达大学柑橘研究与教育中心的奥本代尔市柑橘试验场进行田间试验筛选黄龙病的防治药剂及其浓度,测定注射土霉素后叶片中柑橘黄龙病菌亚洲种Cadidatus Liberibacter asiaticus、土霉素、淀粉含量、柑橘产量、出汁率、可溶性固形物含量和酸度,显微镜下观察注射土霉素后淀粉粒的分布。结果表明,浓度为1.6g/株土霉素处理180 d后柑橘叶片中黄龙病菌亚洲种含量减少幅度最大,为91.78%;注射浓度为1.6g/株土霉素后7d,叶片中土霉素含量达142.2 μg/kg,注射后11 d叶片中土霉素含量达到最大,为239.8 μg/kg,注射后45 d叶片中土霉素含量低至99.6 μg/kg以下;注射后7~90d,叶片中黄龙病菌亚洲种含量呈波浪形变化,注射90 d后叶片中黄龙病菌亚洲种含量一直处于增长趋势,叶片中黄龙病菌亚洲种含量总体随着土霉素含量的升高而降低;注射浓度为1.6g/株土霉素后,叶片中淀粉含量大幅度下降,60d时达到最低值,为3.3 μg/mm²,90d时达到峰值,为14.5 μg/mm²;单株产量为16.7 kg,与注射浓度为0.8 g/株土霉素处理差异不显著,但均显著高于其它2个处理;柑橘出汁率、可溶性固形物和酸度均与清水对照差异不显著。表明土霉素可有效抑制黄龙病菌亚洲种,减少柑橘叶片内淀粉含量,增加柑橘产量,但对果实品质未产生显著影响。     

嗜水气单胞菌对盐酸多西环素的耐药性获得与消失速率研究

在离体条件下测定了从人工养殖的斑点叉尾蛔患病鱼体上分离的嗜水气单胞菌（Aerowtonas hydrophila）的4个菌株对盐酸多西环素耐药性获得与消失的速率。结果表明：以25℃条件下培养72h为1代,在含有盐酸多西环素的药物培养基中连续传代9次后,盐酸多西环素对A．hydrophila的最小抑制菌浓度（MIC）上升了31倍,MIC由0．05mg／L上升至1．56mg／L;而将已经获得高耐药性的菌株以穿刺法接种在不合药物的BHI（Difco）琼脂培养基中,以4℃条件下保存20d为1代,连续传代5次,供试菌株的耐药性呈现逐渐消失的趋势,至第5次传代后,其MIC由1．56mg／L下降至0．10mg／L。     

复方盐酸土霉素注射液的制备

【目的】制备复方盐酸土霉素注射液,并对其质量浓度进行测定。【方法】通过预试验,确定复方盐酸土霉素注射液的配方组分及其大致用量。以焦亚硫酸钠、MgCl2、乙醇胺和复合有机溶媒为影响因素,以灭菌前后盐酸土霉素和甲硝唑质量浓度变化为考察指标,利用L9(34)正交试验确定复方注射液的最优配方。利用紫外分光光度法对注射液中甲硝唑和盐酸土霉素的质量浓度进行考察,并计算其回收率和精密度。【结果】复方盐酸土霉素注射液的最优配方为:每100mL注射液中含有2.5g甲硝唑、5.0g盐酸土霉素、3g氯化镁、0.2g焦亚硫酸钠、40mL复合有机溶媒(由N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和聚乙二醇400组成,体积比为2∶1)、4mL乙醇胺,其余为注射用水。甲硝唑和盐酸土霉素在1～30μg/mL质量浓度时与吸光度呈现良好的线性关系。制备的复方盐酸土霉素注射液中甲硝唑的平均回收率为(99.22±1.48)%,变异系数为1.49%;盐酸土霉素的平均回收率为(98.22±1.24)%,变异系数为1.26%。注射液中甲硝唑和盐酸土霉素的日内、日间精密度测定结果为:平均质量浓度较高,相对标准偏差较小,且不大于2.00%。【结论】确定的复方盐酸土霉素注射液配方合理,甲硝唑和盐酸土霉素稳定性好,且回收率高。     

土壤中兽用抗生素污染对水稻生长的影响

为了解农田土壤兽用抗生素污染对粮食作物水稻生长的潜在影响,选择我国养殖业中常用的抗生素之一土霉素作为目标化合物,试验研究了不同土霉素浓度水平对水稻苗期、生长期生长与产量的影响,探讨了水稻各器官中土霉素积累与土壤中土霉素浓度水平的关系。结果表明,土壤土霉素污染对水稻生长的影响主要发生在苗期,对地下部分的影响显著大于地上部分;苗期地下部生物量、根系活力、叶片叶绿素含量和氧化酶活性随浓度水平(30 mg·kg^-1以上)的升高而显著降低。苗期受到土霉素污染影响的水稻其影响一直可延续至整个生育期,表现在分蘖数降低、产量减少等。土霉素在水稻各器官中的积累量大小顺序:根系> 叶片> 茎秆> 籽粒。水稻对土壤中的土霉素富集能力较小,土霉素由根部向地上部分叶、茎、籽粒的迁移作用也较弱。考虑到当前农田土壤中土霉素污染水平一般较低(多在10 mg·kg^-1以下),且在谷物中土霉素积累水平较低,推断在目前农地土壤中土霉素污染水平下,其对水稻生长的直接危害相对较小。     

三种农用抗生素降解真菌的筛选及其降解性能

为了从重金属污染的土壤中分离筛选出能降解土霉素、诺氟沙星、磺胺二甲嘧啶的真菌菌株,利用抗生素作为唯一碳源进行抗生素降解真菌富集驯化培养,分离纯化耐受真菌,将纯化后的菌株回接到以抗生素作为唯一碳源的液体培养基中,运用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）及紫外分光光度法对各菌株抗生素降解能力进行检测,并通过菌落形态学特征、ITS序列和系统发育树对菌株进行分子鉴定。筛选到4株抗生素降解真菌KS248、KS256、KS257、KS272,分别鉴定为轮状镰刀菌（Fusarium verticillioides）、腐皮镰刀菌（Fusarium solani）、聚多曲霉（Aspergillus sydowii）、微紫青霉（Penicillium janthinellum）。其中,菌株KS248、KS256、KS257具有土霉素、诺氟沙星、磺胺二甲嘧啶降解能力;菌株KS272具有土霉素、诺氟沙星降解能力。在抗生素初始浓度1500 μg·L^-1、30℃、150 r·min^-1条件下避光培养7 d后,菌株KS272降解土霉素、诺氟沙星能力最强,降解率分别达到40.29%、10.59%,菌株KS256降解磺胺二甲嘧啶能力最强,降解率达到18.53%。筛选出的菌株均具有2种及以上抗生素降解能力,对抗生素的降解率从高到低依次为土霉素、诺氟沙星、磺胺二甲嘧啶,且随着抗生素浓度增加,菌株对各抗生素降解能力有不同程度的削弱。     

The Pharmacokinetics of a Long-acting Oxytetracycline Formulation in Healthy Dogs and in Dogs Infected with Ehrlichia canis

The pharmacokinetic properties of oxytetracycline were studied following a single injection of a long-acting formulation (20 mg/kg body weight) into the semimembranosus muscle of healthy dogs and of dogs that had been experimentally infected with Ehrlichia canis. The disposition curves of the long-acting oxytetracycline formulation before and after infection were best described by a bi-exponential decline after a first-order absorption. The mean maximum serum concentration (C _max) following infection was significantly lower and the time taken to attain this concentration (t _max) was significantly shorter than that in the healthy dogs. The mean apparent elimination half-life (t _1/2) was significantly increased following infection. The corresponding rate constant () was significantly decreased. The absorption half-life (t _1/2ab) was significantly decreased after infection. The volume of distribution at steady state (V _dss) increased significantly following infection. It was concluded that the pharmacokinetic behaviour of a long-acting oxytetracycline in dogs after intramuscular administration is characterized by a two-compartment model with a slow elimination phase. This could be due to flip-flop kinetics. The febrile reaction in experimental E. canis infection affected some pharmacokinetic parameters of oxytetracycline.     

The Use of Trypanocides and Antibiotics by Maasai Pastoralists

Information was collected on the use of veterinary drugs by Maasai pastoralists in an area of Kenya where tsetse flies and trypanosomosis occur. Three herds of cattle were followed for between 4 and 5 years and records were kept of every veterinary drug treatment given by the livestock owners. Almost all treatments were either with the trypanocides homidium or diminazene, or with oxytetracycline by intramuscular injection. The rate of trypanocide use varied between 0.66 and 1.56 treatments per animal per year, while oxytetracycline use was between 0.20 and 1.00 treatments per animal per year. Farmers were injecting these drugs in the absence of veterinary supervision, obtaining their supplies mainly from local village shops or informal traders. Underdosing with trypanocides appeared to be uncommon and the indications were that farmers generally gave the drugs at dosage rates above the recommended standard dose. Accurate information on the dose rates of oxytetracycline could not be obtained, but it was noted that in most cases farmers gave a single injection rather than a course of treatment. In a proportion of cases, trypanocides and antibiotics were mixed together before injection. The farmers administered the drugs when disease was recognized and were rarely using trypanocides as prophylactics. Although necessity forces the livestock owners to obtain and use these drugs without veterinary supervision, there are concerns with regard to the possibility of drug misuse and the development of drug resistance.     

复方中草药灌注液治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎临床效果观察

目的 研究旨在通过试验观察中草药治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎疗效,以其为临床应用中草药治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎提供参考。方法 将60 头患子宫内膜炎奶牛,随机分成5 组,每组12 头,复方中草药高、中、低剂量组（分别子宫灌注150 mL/头、100 mL/头和50 mL/头）、土霉素组（子宫灌注50 mL/头）和对照组。结果 复方中草药中剂量组和高剂量组的总有效率为75.00%和83.33%,均高于土霉素组的总有效率66.67%;土霉素组在治疗结束后的平均发情天数缩短了14 d,所有复方中草药组的发情天数也缩短了11~19 d;3 个情期内土霉素组受胎率为50.00%,复方中草药组受胎率介于41.67%~66.67%之间。结论 复方中草药对奶牛子宫内膜炎的治疗效果优于土霉素,其中以高剂量组效果最佳。