2005—2016年中国东海鲐鱼渔场的时空分布及与海表面温度的关联

根据2005—2016年7—9月中国远洋渔业数据中心提供的我国东海鲐鱼捕捞数据,结合关键因子海表面温度(sea surface temperature, SST),计算各年鲐鱼渔场经纬度重心,量化鲐鱼渔场重心的时空变化。进一步分析捕捞努力量在经度、纬度以及SST上的分布规律,并基于聚类法筛选出代表年份,评估异常气候事件对鲐鱼渔场内SST及渔场重心时空分布的影响。研究结果显示,鲐鱼渔场重心具有明显的年际和月间变化,7—9月渔场逐渐向东北方向移动,且主要分布渔场SST为25～28℃。聚类分析将各月份渔场重心分为4类,其中2007和2015年渔场分布具有显著差异。此外,鲐鱼渔场内SST与尼诺指数具有显著的正相关关系,且代表年份2007和2015年分别对应拉尼娜事件和厄尔尼诺事件,当拉尼娜事件发生时,渔场内SST上升,渔场重心逐渐北移;而厄尔尼诺事件发生时,渔场内SST下降,渔场重心主要分布在南部海域。研究表明,中国东海鲐鱼渔场时空分布受到厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜调控的海表面温度变化的显著影响。     

From small-scale habitat loopholes to decadal cycles: a habitat-based hypothesis explaining fluctuation in pelagic fish populations off Peru

The Peru‐Humboldt Current system (HCS) supports the world's largest pelagic fisheries. Among the world's eastern boundary current systems, it is the most exposed to high climatic stress and is directly affected by El Niño and La Niña events. In this volatile ecosystem, fish have been led to develop adaptive strategies in space and time. In this paper, we attempt to understand the mechanisms underlying such strategies, focusing on the El Niño 1997–98 in Peru from which an extensive set of hydrographic, capture and acoustic survey data are available. An integrated analysis of the data is crucial, as each has substantial shortcomings individually; for example, both catch data and acoustic surveys may easily lead to wrong conclusions. Existing hypotheses on anchovy and sardine alternations lead us to a ‘habitat‐based’ synthetic hypothesis. Using our data, an integrated approach evaluated how fish responded to habitat variation, and determined the consequences in terms of fish‐population variability. Various factors occurring at a range of different spatio‐temporal scales were considered: interdecadal regime (warm ‘El Viejo’/cool ‘La Vieja’ decadal scale); strength and the duration of the El Niño Southern Oscillation event (interannual scale); population condition before the event (interannual scale); fishing pressure and other predation (annual scale); changes in reproductive behaviour (intra‐annual scale); presence of local upwelling (local scale). During El Niño 1997–98, anchovy was able to exploit a small‐scale temporal and spatial ‘loophole’ inside the general unfavourable conditions. Moreover, sardine did not do better than anchovy during this El Niño and was not able to take advantage of the ‘loophole’ opened by this short‐term event. Our results question the traditional view that El Niño is bad for anchovy and good for sardine.     

气候变化下西北太平洋大海洋生态系海表面温度特征分析

黄鳍金枪鱼 (Thunnus albacares) 为高度洄游的大洋性鱼类,有较高的生态和经济价值,中西太平洋 (Western and Central Pacific Ocean, WCPO) 是全球金枪鱼捕捞产量最高的海区。为了解和预测中西太平洋黄鳍金枪鱼不同渔业对气候变化的反应,根据1990—2020年世界各国在中西太平洋的围网和延绳钓作业以及海洋尼诺指数 (Oceanic Niño index, ONI) 数据,分析了常规自回归积分滑动平均模型 (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model, ARIMA) 和加入ONI标准差为协变量的动态ARIMA模型在渔业资源量研究中的适用性,以及ONI对中西太平洋黄鳍金枪鱼年际单位捕捞努力量渔获量 (Catch per unit effort, CPUE) 的影响。结果表明：1) 常规ARIMA模型能够充分考虑中西太平洋黄鳍金枪鱼年CPUE的变化特征,可用于黄鳍金枪鱼年CPUE的长期拟合;2) 相比常规ARIMA模型,动态ARIMA模型的拟合度更好,拟合值和真实值的相关性更高,同时平均绝对误差、均方根误差更小;3) ONI对中西太平洋赤道南北海域黄鳍金枪鱼的年CPUE影响不同,相对而言,在赤道以北,ONI的影响因素更关键,模型的拟合度更高;4) ONI对中西太平洋不同渔业的黄鳍金枪鱼的年CPUE影响有差别,对中西太平洋黄鳍金枪鱼延绳钓渔业存在滞后1~2年的影响,而在强厄尔尼诺和强拉尼娜现象时,对围网渔业的影响速度较快,不存在滞后。     

opaque-2玉米近等基因系的构建与赖氨酸含量快速检测

我国高赖氨酸玉米种质资源狭窄,opaque-2(o2)突变基因能大幅提高玉米赖氨酸含量,通过分子标记辅助选择构建o2玉米近等基因系并检测其赖氨酸含量具有重要意义。其中,要解决的两个关键问题是如何准确地将不同供体的o2突变基因导入受体系和如何快速地检测导入系的赖氨酸含量。本研究利用O2基因内紧密连锁的SSR共显性标记引物phi057检测玉米供体和受体自交系的多态性,利用其特异性和共显性构建o2近等基因系;参考已有研究,改进染料结合(DBL)法,测定18组构建成功的o2近等基因系的赖氨酸含量。结果表明,不仅在不同供体(CA339和山东2548)之间存在多态性,而且在不同受体系间也存在多态性,利用phi057能够成功地将不同供体的o2突变基因导入受体系,构建o2近等基因系;改进的DBL法分析表明,不同受体系赖氨酸含量变化较大,不同背景的受体系导入o2突变基因后赖氨酸含量增加的幅度差异也较大;普通玉米自交系间赖氨酸含量为0.223%~0.368%,构建成功的不同o2近等基因系间,赖氨酸含量为0.373%~0.527%,与受体亲本相比,赖氨酸增加幅度最低为13%,最高为74%。分析表明,phi057能准确筛选导入o2突变基因的受体系,结合改进的DBL法能快速地选择赖氨酸含量高的玉米。     

异齿裂腹鱼人工规模化繁殖技术研究

2010年4～6月,对野生异齿裂腹鱼(Schizothorax o' connori)人工规模化繁殖技术进行研究,并初步进行产后亲鱼恢复培养技术研究.对108尾雌鱼进行干法人工授精,共采卵104万多粒,孵出仔鱼62万多尾.其中45尾雌亲鱼自然成熟,共采卵46.8万多粒,平均受精率和孵化率低于人工催产雌鱼卵.人工催产83...     

Influences of El Niño on assemblages of mesopelagic fish larvae along the Pacific coast of Baja California Sur

Seasonal assemblages of mesopelagic fish larvae and changes related with environmental factors (plankton biomass, sea surface temperature anomaly, upwelling, and the multivariate El Niño index) were investigated. From 1982 to 1987, 16 oceanographic cruises were carried out along the Pacific coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico. Larvae of 42 mesopelagic fish taxa were collected. Larval abundance was highly variable during the studied period, but summer months coincided with higher abundance (>200 larvae under 10 m²). Larval assemblages were dominated by three of the most common species of tropical (Vinciguerria lucetia, Diogenichthys laternatus) and subtropical affinity (Triphoturus mexicanus). A group of species of tropical affinity (Diplophos proximus, Diaphus pacificus, Benthosema panamense) was useful for distinguishing the 1982–84 El Niño event, and an assemblage of larvae of temperate affinity (Symbolophorus californiensis, Melamphaes lugubris, Bathylagus ochotensis, Leuroglossus stilbius, Protomyctophum crockeri) characterized ‘normal’ years (mid‐1984 to mid‐1987).     

The global distribution of wind-induced upwelling

The global distribution of wind-induced upwelling at the base of the surface Ekman layer has been computed from the COADS monthly wind stress from 1950 to 1988. In contrast to previous studies where the Ekman transport equations became invalid near the Equator, this paper computed upwelling right to the equator by incorporating friction in the surface transport equations. Comparing the seasonal changes in the equatorial upwelling between the Atlantic and the Pacific, we found that the Atlantic had the larger magnitude change while the Pacific had the larger latitudinal shift. The anomalous wind-induced upwelling/downwelling associated with El Niño were computed over several latitudinal bands in the Pacific by compositing the data from six El Nino events. By plotting the July zonally averaged upwelling anomalies in the Pacific in a latitude-time contour plot, we found northward phase propagation at about 3.5° latitude per decade in the low latitudes, a feature not found in the January upwelling. Long-term upwelling trends were computed and their potential influence on fisheries are discussed.     

近代中国蚕桑业发展与农民经济理性

本文从农家经营理性选择的角度,考察了近代中国蚕桑生产的发展,论述了近代中国农家兼业经济演化的新条件和新特点。     

制造业PDM技术的分析与思考

对产品数据管理(PDM)的功能、发展趋势、关键技术分析等方面进行了阐述，并对PDM实施的准备工作、关键步骤等问题做了讨论，提供了企业实施PDM的有关方法。