The effects of density and artificial substrate on intensive shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei nursery production

Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) can be installed indoors, allowing year-round production of tropical animals in nearly any climate. A nursery phase is commonly used in Litopenaeus vannamei production since it allows for enhanced biosecurity and better quantification of animals while reducing space requirements. However, it is unclear whether animal density and inclusion of artificial substrate may improve shrimp performance during the nursery phase. In this experiment, we compared shrimp production parameters in two stocking densities with or without the use of an artificial substrate by creating four treatments: low-density LD; 1500 PL/m⁻³, low-density with substrate LDS, high-density HD; 3000 PL/m⁻³), and high-density with substrate (HDS). The LDS and HDS treatments included 0.46-m² of high-density polyethylene 2.5-cm mesh as a substrate, which increased the tank surface area by 21 %. Each treatment was randomly assigned to four 160-l culture tanks, each with a biofilter. The shrimp had an initial weight of 4 mg and were grown for 50 days. The low-density treatments had significantly higher dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH than the high-density treatments (P ≤ 0.001). Specifically, LDS had the highest DO and pH followed by the LD, HD, and HDS treatments, respectively. High-density treatments had significantly higher NO₂-N levels than low-density treatments during week 2 of the experiment when an unusually high concentration of nitrite was observed. FCR was significantly lower in both low-density treatments than in high-density treatments. At harvest, the total biomass (kg m⁻³) was significantly higher in high-density treatments than in low-density treatments (P ≤ 0.001), and the HDS treatment had a significantly greater biomass output than HD. Producers should consider artificial substrate and higher densities during nursery production to maximize shrimp production; however, the effects on water quality should also be taken into account.     

开发红色旅游资源 促进皖北经济发展

发展红色旅游对于加强革命传统教育、保护和利用革命历史文化遗产以及带动皖北地区经济社会协调发展均具有重要的现实意义和深远的历史意义.本文以红色旅游为主题,从自然、历史和文化的角度分析了皖北红色旅游资源的现状,提出应以“四大概念”,即“大产业、大区域、大生态、大精品”作为发展皖北红色旅游的基本思路。     

北疆棉花不同品种叶绿素荧光特性的研究

测定了北疆6个不同棉花品种田间叶片的净光合作用、荧光参数的变化。结果表明:晴天棉花叶片的光化学效率(Fv/Fm)随着光强上升而下降,到14∶00左右降到最低值,之后又随光强的减弱逐渐回升;非光化学猝灭系数(qN)则与此相反。棉叶在晴天易发生光抑制,可能会引发反应中心的降解等破坏反应。产量较高的新陆早8号和新陆早10号的Fv/Fm、光化学猝灭系数(qP)均高,且正午过后Fv/Fm恢复较快,不仅能较强地吸收光能,同时还具有较高的PSII的活性和光能转化效率,从而将所吸收的光能有效地转化为化学能,提高光合电子传递速度,形成更多的ATP和ENADPH,为光合碳同化提供充分的能量和还原能力。     

Use of Porcine Meal in Plant‐based Practical Diets for Pacific White Shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

Two growth trials were conducted to evaluate and confirm the efficacy of a porcine meal (PM) with high protein content (>90%) as an alternative feed ingredient in commercial‐type feed formulation for Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Six experimental diets were formulated for the two growth trials. The first five diets contained increasing levels (0, 1, 2, 4, and 6%) of PM as a replacement for soybean meal in a plant‐based diet with low inclusion level (6%) of fish meal (FM). The last experimental diet was produced utilizing 4.2% PM to completely replace FM. In Trial 1, shrimp (1.5 g initial mean weight, 20 shrimp/tank, n = 4) were offered test diets for 6 wk in a semirecirculation system. At the end of Trial 1, shrimp fed with the diet containing 6% PM exhibited significantly enhanced weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and survival compared to those fed with the diet devoid of FM. As survival was poor across all treatments and different densities could mask growth results the trial was repeated. In Trial 2, shrimp (0.85 g, 15 shrimp/tank, n = 4) were offered diets for 6 wk. Dietary supplementation of PM at 6% significantly improved WG, FCR, and apparent net protein retention in contrast with the treatment devoid of FM, confirming the same trends in Trial 1. No significant difference was detected in protein, lipid, moisture, and mineral profiles of whole‐body shrimp as well as survival across all the treatments. Results of this study indicate that PM is a good high protein source in shrimp feeds, which can be included up to 6% in the low FM‐based diet without compromising the growth of shrimp.     

盛夏西太平洋副热带高压对陕西降水的影响

利用1961-2008年陕西78个气象站7-8月降水资料、西太平洋副高逐月指数资料及500hPa位势高度场和700hPa风场月平均再分析资料,通过相关、回归分析、小波凝聚谱分析等方法探讨盛夏西太平洋副热带高压对陕西降水的影响及机制,为盛夏陕西降水的气候预测提供依据.结果表明,盛夏副高强度、脊线、西伸脊点指数与陕西降水关系密切,副高偏强偏西时陕西降水偏多,副高偏北时陕西北部降水偏多、南部偏少.8月副高3个指数与陕西降水的相关关系更为密切,通过显著性检验的站点明显增多.副高的强度和位置变化引起副热带和中高纬度大气环流的异常,进而影响陕西降水.8月副高偏强偏西时,巴尔喀什湖阻高增强,700hPa西南季风的水汽输送增强,陕西位于冷暖空气交汇区,降水偏多;副高偏南时,水汽辐合区位于陕南,陕西南部多雨、北部少雨;副高偏北时,水汽辐合区位于陕北,陕西北部多雨、南部少雨.8月副高强度指数与同月陕西降水的显著共振周期为7 ～8a,且副高强度变化超前于陕西降水变化1.26a,说明8月副高强度的年际变化是引起同月陕西降水年际变化的重要原因.     

基于CSLE模型的天山北坡西白杨沟流域土壤侵蚀定量评价

[目的]定量评价天山北坡西白杨沟流域水土流失土壤侵蚀状况,分析其分布特征,为区域水土保持以及生态环境建设提供科学依据。[方法]以新疆维吾尔自治区乌鲁木齐县西白杨沟流域为研究区,采用样地调查与地理信息系统(GIS)、遥感(RS)技术相结合方法和CSLE模型,对西白杨沟流域进行土壤水力侵蚀评价及侵蚀强度空间分布分析。[结果]天山北坡西白杨沟流域平均土壤侵蚀模数748.91 t/(km~2·a)。地形对土壤侵蚀强度影响明显,在坡度20°～40°区域,土壤侵蚀模数最高,为1 127.22～1 229.62 t/(km~2·a)。缓坡(20°)区域,坡度对土壤侵蚀模数呈正效应,而在陡坡(40°～70°)区域,坡度对土壤侵蚀模数呈负效应。土壤侵蚀主要发生在南坡、东南坡和东坡;不同土地利用方式对土壤水力侵蚀程度影响不同,表现为:呈灌木林地[1 709.80 t/(km~2·a)]有林地[1 389.40 t/(km~2·a)]天然牧草地[605.20 t/(km~2·a)]人工牧草地[334.71 t/(km~2·a)]水浇地[113.69 t/(km~2·a)]的趋势。[结论]土壤侵蚀强度总体以微度和轻度为主,强烈侵蚀、极强烈侵蚀、剧烈侵蚀主要分布在流域的中下游和下游;天山北坡西白杨沟流域侵蚀强度的空间分布与地形、土地利用、土壤性质联系紧密。     

华北地区农业用水危机及其出路

华北地区水危机主要是由农业用水引起的。解决华北地区农业用水的根本途径是发展节水农业,节水农业的核心是提高水分利用效率,主要的方法有：水利工程节水、生物技术节水、农作物空间布局的调整、污水资源化、利用地下微成水、水资源价格和水价调节。     

Establishing climate–growth relationships for yelloweye rockfish (Sebastes ruberrimus) in the northeast Pacific using a dendrochronological approach

We applied dendrochronology (tree‐ring) methods to develop multidecadal growth chronologies from the increment widths of yelloweye rockfish (Sebastes ruberrimus) otoliths. Chronologies were developed for the central California coast, a site just north of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, and at Bowie Seamount west of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. At each site, synchronous growth patterns were matched among otoliths via the process of cross‐dating, ensuring that the correct calendar year was assigned to all increments. Each time series of growth‐increment measurements was divided by the values predicted by a best‐fit negative exponential function, thereby removing age‐related trends. These detrended time series were averaged into a master chronology for each site, and chronologies were correlated with monthly averages of sea surface temperatures, upwelling, the Northern Oscillation Index, and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. The two northern growth chronologies positively correlated with indices of warm ocean conditions, especially from the prior summer through the spring of the current year. During the same period, the California chronology positively correlated with indices of cool ocean conditions, indicating an opposing productivity regime for yelloweye rockfish between the California Current and the Gulf of Alaska. Overall, this study demonstrates how tree‐ring techniques can be applied to quickly develop annually resolved chronologies and establish climate–growth relationships across various temporal and spatial scales.     

Application of sperm cryopreservation in selective breeding of the Pacific oyster,Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg)

The robustness of Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg), sperm cryopreservation in the context of selective breeding based on family lines was investigated. Irrespective of egg density, high fertilization success was achieved with cryopreserved sperm when sperm:egg ratios of 1000:1 to 10 000:1 were used. Variation among replicate runs on the same oyster batches was minimal, indicating that cryopreservation and larval rearing procedures were repeatable. Twenty independent single male–female crosses were made to assess the utility of cryopreserved sperm in selective breeding. The fertility of unfrozen sperm was generally a poor predictor of cryopreserved sperm fertility. Based on D‐larval yields, 17 of the 20 crosses were likely to yield adequate spat for selective breeding (>10⁵ D‐larvae from 1 million eggs), two were marginal (5 × 10⁴ D‐larvae) and one was inadequate (4 × 10³ D‐larvae). An alternative fertilization strategy to improve D‐yield from a given number of sperm was then tested. Fertilizing 10 million eggs at a sperm:egg ratio of 200:1 increased the total D‐yield when compared with fertilizing 1 million eggs at a sperm:egg ratio of 2000:1 for the same male–female pair. We conclude that, despite wide variation in fertility, cryopreserved sperm is useful for family production.