赖氨酸占蛋白质及饲粮的比例对杜洛克猪生长肥育性能及胴体品质的影响

杜洛克猪48头,体重27kg左右,分6组。试验前期(27～60kg)日粮的消化能均为13.67MJ)/kg,后期(60～90kg)均为13.44MJ/kg。粗蛋白1、2、3组前期均为18％,后期均为16％;4、5、6组前期均为16％,后期均为14％。同时配合3种赖蛋比水平6.6～6.9％,6.1～6.25％及5％。试验结果表明:4、5、6组平均日增重、饲料利用率及胴体瘦肉率都略高于1、2、3组,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。在前期,以第5组平均日增重最高(达782克),极显著高于其他各组(P<0.01);饲料利用率2.41,极显著好于其他各组(P<0.01)。后期以第5组平均日增重最高(875克)。试验前期,第5组获得最佳的日增重(822克),极显著高于其他各组(P<0.01),饲料利用率2.98,胴体瘦肉率65.79％,与其他各组差异不显著(P>0.05)。在两种粗蛋白水平组内,均以赖蛋比6.1～6.25％的第5组和第2组生长速度最快(822克和778克)。说明在相同的能量水平下,赖蛋比是影响生长速度的主要因素。     

Analysis of a Long-term Experiment with Repeated-measurement Models

Long‐term experiments are a classical case of repeated measurements. Traits are measured on the same experimental unit over many years so that correlations arise between the observations made on the same plot in consecutive years. This paper describes the analysis of a three‐crop‐rotation long‐term experiment. We analysed the yields of the crops and the organic carbon content in the topsoil over 30 consecutive years. Several variance–covariance approaches are discussed and the trait‐specific best fit is interpreted. Mixed models are used to describe the structure of the experiment. Both yields and soil organic carbon show a more or less pronounced variance heterogeneity. Especially for yields, the heterogeneity of cycles and years is dominant. The consideration of correlations results in a better model fit in all cases.     

RPLC法测定饲料添加剂中的B族维生素

本文提出了利用反相离子对色谱法,简单,快速,准确同时定量测定饲料添加剂中的烟酸,烟酰胺,盐酸吡哆辛,氰钴胺素,核黄素和硫胺素。样品前处理简单,六个维生素能在12min内获得满意的分离,各组份之间的分离度Rs大于1.60。各个维生素的回收率在87.0～101.0％,相对偏差为3.1～2.0％。色谱柱为LichrosorbRP-18 250×φ5mm,流动相为甲醇/水,0.25％TEA,1.25mmol/l PICB-5,3.75mmol/l PICB-7,pH3.00,紫外可变波长检测器采用MAXPL操作方式λ 1=254nm,λ_2=280nm,λ_3=354nm,流速1.1 nl/min。     

乳酸菌与中药合生元对肉鸡生长性能及饲料利用率的影响

本试验分别向肉仔鸡日粮中添加等量的抗生素和乳酸菌与中药合生元制剂,通过测定肉仔鸡的各项生长指标和饲料利用率指标,探讨乳酸菌与中药合生元在肉鸡生长和饲料利用率方面替代抗生素的优势.结果表明,试验组与对照组在生长性能和饲料利用率上各指标均差异不显著（P〉0.05）,说明乳酸菌与中药合生元可以替代抗生素饲喂给肉仔鸡.     

灌丛草地放牧山羊的牧草适口性与嗜食性及山羊采食率研究

通过对放牧山羊的牧草适口性，嗜食性和采食率及其相互关系的分析，表明山羊放牧对灌丛草地的植物适口性、嗜食性比率和采食率均以灌木嫩枝叶，中禾草和苔草属植物较优。季节性规律为：春季山羊喜哺食灌木嫩枝叶，灌木嗜食性比率较高，采食率也较高，夏季山羊喜草本植物，草本植物的嗜食性比率高于灌木，秋季山羊较喜啃食灌木枝叶，嗜食性比率灌木高于草本植物，采食率低于春季，灌木采食率高于草本植物。     

The evolution and application of enzymes in the animal feed industry: the role of data interpretation

ABSTRACT

1. Enzymes have been used commercially for nearly 40 years and save significant costs through sparing of expensive nutrients but the mechanism by which this is achieved is still debated.

2. The research focused on non-starch polysaccharidase (NSPase) enzymes is used as an example of where greater progress could have been made if the details of the work had been described more fully and the analysis of the data generated had been broader in scope and more critical.

3. Lack of standardisation of the details presented in the materials and methods has been identified as a significant barrier to meaningful retrospective analysis and thus limits advances in the understanding of the mode of action of these enzymes.

4. The identity of the enzyme employed and its activity is often lacking, and more importantly the purity is rarely disclosed. Contaminant activities which are neither listed nor assayed could play a significant role in the responses observed.

5. The dose optimum of most enzymes is often considerably higher than that employed in most studies. Thus studies claiming synergy between two ‘activities’ should ensure that the response is not related to each enzyme simply augmenting the dose of just one activity in the finished feed. This is a common problem, and coupled with the lack of factorial experiments to justify the presence of each enzyme in a multi-enzyme product, it is not surprising that there is still debate as to whether single or multi-enzymes are best suited poultry rations.

6. The three proposed mechanisms for NSPases (viscosity, cell wall and prebiotic) are discussed, and along with their strengths and weaknesses it is suggested that a re-evaluation of each is needed. Viscosity may have to be re-evaluated as being a function not only of the cereal being fed, but of the age of the animal as well. The cell wall theory as described is poorly modelled in vitro and hence the validity of these data is questioned. The prebiotic theory may need significant modification as it appears that the quantities of oligomers produced are insufficient to generate the additional volatile fatty acids (VFA)’s reported. It is likely that all three mechanisms play a role in the responses observed, but the prebiotic mechanism probably plays by far the most important part in low viscosity diets.

7. Future research would be improved if it considered all potential mechanisms when designing a trial. Significant failings are apparent as a result of adherence to tenets in explanation of the results. Most importantly, it should be emphasised that a hypothesis is there to be tested, not defended.     

发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈幼鱼生长、饲料利用和消化酶活力的影响

为研究发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈生长、饲料效率、表观消化率和消化酶活力的影响,以枯草芽孢杆菌有氧发酵豆粕替代部分鱼粉配置5组等氮、等能的实验饲料。发酵豆粕的添加量为0%(FM组)、10%(FSM10组)、15%(FSM20组)、20%(FSM30组)、25%(FSM40组),分别替代0%、10%、20%、30%、40%的鱼粉。初始体质量(19.83±0.33) g的大口黑鲈,随机分成5组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼,每天饲喂2次(7:00和17:00),养殖75 d。结果显示：各组饲料系数无显著性差异,FSM20和FSM30组的均末重和特定生长率显著高于其他各组;各组蛋白质效率无显著性差异,FSM组的摄食量显著高于FM组,FSM40组的蛋白质沉积率和脂肪沉积率显著低于其他组;各组全鱼粗蛋白无显著性差异,在FSM20组出现最大值;FSM组的全鱼粗脂肪显著低于FM组;各组之间的蛋白质消化率和脂肪消化率无显著性差异,FSM30和FSM40的干物质表观消化率显著低于其他组;低于15%(FSM20组)替代,FSM组与FM组的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力无显著差异。     

奶牛常用饲料中毒的预防与治疗

随着牛肉制品和乳制品需求量的增多,我国养牛业规模也在逐渐增大,反刍动物饲料市场快速发展,从每年全国饲料质量安全监测结果来看,国内饲料产品总体合格率超90%。但个别散养户在奶牛养殖过程中,为降低成本,会给奶牛饲喂农业生产中的副产品,若加工或饲喂方法不当,会引起奶牛中毒,威胁乳制品安全。从其生产中常用的农副产品来看,主要包括玉米、马铃薯、棉籽饼、白菜、萝卜和地瓜等,但是采摘时节不对、贮存条件不合理、饲喂前未进行检查等,奶牛会因食用变质饲料而损害瘤胃和整个机体健康。由于这种饲料源性中毒往往引发急性症状,若养殖人员经验不丰富或日常护理不当,会造成奶牛死亡,严重影响养殖效益。鉴于此,本文对奶牛常用饲料的中毒症状、治疗方法和预防措施进行概述,以期提高奶牛饲料安全性,促进我国奶牛养殖业健康发展。     

可利用氨基酸饲料配方技术的软件开发

设计饲料配方程序,将可利用氨基酸饲料配方技术与电脑编程技术进行有机地结合,并进行线性规划算法改进和功能创新,使这项技术更具实用性和人性化.     

川滇桤木4种气味活性物质对云南切梢小蠹胚后发育的影响

为了验证非寄主植物气味胁迫是否会抑制害虫的繁殖机能,采用前期筛选的川滇桤木气味活性物质—对乙基苯乙酮、反−2−己烯−1−醇、顺−4−己烯−1−醇、4−烯丙基苯甲醚对云南切梢小蠹的胚后发育进行测定。结果表明：4种气味成分胁迫对云南切梢小蠹产卵量的影响均较小,但能够显著增加其母坑道的长度（P<0.01）。卵孵化后,反−2−己烯−1−醇、对乙基苯乙酮和4−烯丙基苯甲醚对幼虫的体长增长呈下降趋势,而顺−4−己烯−1−醇则呈上升趋势,体质量有一定增加,但蛹期和新羽化成虫的个体则与此相反,特别是顺−4−己烯−1−醇和反−2−己烯−1−醇,前者对蛹体长和体质量的降幅为16.63%和20.09%,后者对成虫降幅则为6.95%和15.78%。表明4种川滇桤木气味活性物质均能明显干扰云南切梢小蠹的胚后发育,特别是绿叶气味成分反−2−己烯−1−醇和顺−4−己烯−1−醇能够直接降低蛹和成虫的个体大小和体质量。