Enhancement of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) larval growth by dietary vitamin E in relation to two different levels of essential fatty acids

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary vitamin E on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) growth and survival, at two different highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) levels. Eighteen days old gilthead seabream larvae were fed four formulated experimental diets combining two different dietary levels of HUFAs (M: medium 2.5 + 1.5, DHA + EPA, H: high 5 + 2.5 DHA + EPA g per 100 g) with two different levels of vitamin E (M: medium 540 mg kg^?1, H: high 2900 mg kg^?1): MM, MH, HM, HH (HUFA/vitamin E). After 2‐week feeding trial, the average survival rate was 52.6% and there were no significant differences found among treatments. Increase in vitamin E up to high level markedly improved larval growth, particularly when dietary HUFA levels were lower, suggesting a higher protection value when these fatty acids are more limiting. At medium dietary HUFA levels, increase in vitamin E from medium to high level enhanced larval growth performance in terms of total length. Moreover, increase in vit E enhanced HUFAs content in the larval polar lipids denoting the anti‐oxidative effect of vitamin E.     

A method to determine protein digestibility of microdiets for larval and early juvenile fish

A method to evaluate protein quality using in vivo methods was developed for larval fish. FluoSpheres^® fluorescent microspheres (10 μm) were incorporated into two test diets, our standard zein microdiet (ZMD) and a microdiet with identical ingredients except for the replacement of high quality fish meal with the same product cooked for 24 h at 80 °C (ZMD-CF). Several trials were performed to design a reliable method to test digestibility using FluoSpheres^® as a marker. The developed in vivo technique was tested on 35 days posthatch (dph) larval Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua L.) and two tropical fish species in the early juvenile stage. The method took into account loss of total protein to the faecal pellet and water column. Apparent digestibility of protein in larval cod fed ZMD was significantly higher than that of larvae fed ZMD-CF ( P  < 0.05). A growth study to validate differences between the two diets showed significant differences in growth and survival of larvae fed ZMD versus ZMD-CF ( P  < 0.05). Further validation of our results was indicated through the use of a pH-stat method using enzymes extracted from 35 dph larval cod guts. This novel technique will be advantageous for researchers to evaluate feed ingredients for larval marine fish and is adaptable to many different areas of larval fish nutrition.     

Optimal dietary lipid level for large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) larvae

A 30‐day feeding experiment was conducted in blue tanks (70 × 50 × 60 cm, water volume 180 L) to determine the effects of dietary lipid levels on the survival, growth and body composition of large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) larvae (12 days after hatchery, with initial average weight 1.93 ± 0.11 mg). Five practical microdiets, containing 83 g kg^?1 (Diet 1), 126 g kg^?1 (Diet 2), 164 g kg^?1 (Diet 3), 204 g kg^?1 (Diet 4) and 248 g kg^?1 lipid (Diet 5), were formulated. Live feeds (Artemia sinicia nauplii and live copepods) were used as the control diet (Diet 6). Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of tanks, and each tank was stocked with 3500 larvae. During the experiment, water temperature was maintained at 23(±1) °C, pH 8.0 (±0.2) and salinity 25 (±2) g L^?1. The results showed that dietary lipid significantly influenced the survival and growth of large yellow croaker larvae. Survival increased with the increase of dietary lipid from 83 to 164 g kg^?1, and then decreased. The survival of larvae fed the diet with 83 g kg^?1 lipid (16.1%) was significantly lower than that of larvae fed other diets. However, the survival in larvae fed the diet with 16.4 g kg^?1 lipid was the highest compared with other artificial microdiets. Specific growth rate (SGR) significantly increased with increasing dietary lipid level from 83 to 164 g kg^?1 (P < 0.05), and then decreased. The SGR in larvae fed the diet with 164 g kg^?1 lipid (10.0% per day) was comparable with 204 g kg^?1 lipid (9.6% per day), but were significantly higher than other microdiets (P < 0.05). On the basis of survival and SGR, the optimum dietary lipid level was estimated to be 172 and 177 g kg^?1 of diet using second‐order polynomial regression analysis respectively.     

不同饲料对海月水母生长性能的影响

研究了5种饲料对海月水母Aurelia aurita(伞体直径为2.50 cm±0.10 cm)生长性能的影响.实验共分5组,每组设3个平行,分别投喂卤虫无节幼体、冰冻卤虫、冷冻干燥卤虫、国产微粒饲料和国外微粒饲料,依照投喂饲料的不同,各组分别记为G鲜活、G冰冻、G干燥、G国产、G国外组,实验共进行30 d.结果表明:饲养30 d后,5组海月水母伞体的平均直径依次为(5.01±0.10)、(4.78±0.20)、(4.62±0.11)、(4.23±0.05)、(4.42±0.06)cm,卤虫无节幼体组生长性能最好,水母伞体直径显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),冰冻卤虫和冷冻干燥卤虫组次之,国产微粒饲料组生长性能最差;国产微粒饲料组的成活率为95%,其余各组成活率均为100%;卤虫无节幼体组的收缩频率平均为1次/s,显著高于其他4组(P<0.05),其余4组之间差异均不显著(P>0.05),收缩频率平均为0.5～0.66 次/s;冰冻卤虫组的三态氮含量均显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),国内微粒饲料组的三态氮含量次之,也显著高于其他3组(P<0.05).本实验结果表明,卤虫无节幼体是海月水母较理想的饵料,冰冻卤虫和冷冻干燥卤虫次之.国产微粒饲料因为在营养组成、水中稳定性和悬浮性方面较差,饲养海月水母的效果也较差.     

水产动物微颗粒饲料加工工艺研究进展

水产动物幼体微颗粒饲料是近些年来国内外研究开发的热点,文中综述了国际上较为流行的几种微颗粒饲料造粒工艺,包括微黏合工艺、微包膜工艺、聚合反应工艺、相分离技术造粒工艺、物理机械法造粒以及混合法造粒工艺。微颗粒饲料制粒工艺是微颗粒饲料产业乃至水产育苗行业的关键技术,其进一步发展有赖于制粒工艺技术研究和水产动物幼苗营养及消化生理研究的综合进展。     

Weaning requirements of larval mulloway,Argyrosomus japonicus

Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) is an emerging aquaculture species in Australia, but there is a need to improve the production technology and lower costs, including those associated with larval rearing and live feeds. Three experiments were conducted to determine appropriate weaning strategies from live feeds, rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) and Artemia, to cheaper formulated pellet diets. Experiment 1 examined the effects of feeding Artemia at different levels [0%, 50% or 100% ration of Artemia fed from 18 days after hatching (dah); based on current hatchery protocols] and a pellet diet from two larval ages (14 or 23 dah). In addition, rotifers were supplied to larvae in all treatments for the duration of the experiment (14–29 dah), at which time all larvae were successfully weaned onto the pellet diet. No significant (P>0.05) differences existed between the growth of fish fed a 50% and 100% ration of Artemia; however, fish fed a 0% ration of Artemia had significantly (P<0.05) reduced growth. The time of pellet introduction had no significant (P>0.05) effects on the growth of larvae. Experiments 2 and 3 were designed to determine the size [total length (TL), mm] at which mulloway larvae selected Artemia equally or in preference to rotifers, and pellet (400 μm) equally or in preference to Artemia respectively. Each day, larvae were transferred from a holding tank to experimental vessels and provided with rotifers (2 mL^?1), Artemia (2 mL^?1) or a combination of rotifers (1 mL^?1) and Artemia (1 mL^?1) (Experiment 2), and Artemia (2 mL^?1), a pellet diet or a combination of Artemia (1 mL^?1) and a pellet diet that was broadcast every 15 min (Experiment 3). After 1 h, a sub‐sample of larvae was randomly selected from each replicate vessel (n=5) and the gut contents were examined under a light microscope. Mulloway larvae began selecting Artemia equally to rotifers at 5.2 ± 0.5 mm TL and selected pellets equally to Artemia at 10.6 ± 1.8 mm TL. Our results have led to the establishment of weaning protocols for larval mulloway, which optimize larval growth while reducing feed cost by minimizing the amount of Artemia used during production.     

Potential effect of increasing the water content in the digestibility of microdiets for fish larvae

This study aimed to find a way for increasing the water content after rehydration of microdiet particles for fish larvae and to assess whether such increase contributes to a better disaggregation and digestion of particles within the gut of gilthead seabream larvae (4–15 days after hatching, dph). Four microdiets were prepared with increasing amounts of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC): 0, 20, 40 and 80 g kg^?1. The inclusion of CMC resulted in an effective increase of the hydration capacity of particles. Water content after immersion ranged from 800 g kg^?1 in the microdiet without CMC to 900 g kg^?1 with 80 g kg^?1 CMC. Larvae of different ages were fed during 10 h with these microdiets. The microparticles containing 80 g kg^?1 CMC were more degraded in the gut of the younger larvae. No clear differences were observed from 10 dph onwards. Differences in enzymatic activities were not evident except for α‐amylase in 6 dph larvae. Gene expression of the enzyme precursors did not show any relation to the water content of microdiets. Overall, the results indicate that increasing the water content up to 900 g kg^?1 may enhance the disintegration of food particles within the gut of younger larvae and to a lesser extent affect the response of digestive enzyme activities.     

Evaluation of weaning performance of California halibut (Paralichthys californicus) larvae using growth,survival and digestive proteolytic activity

This study evaluated weaning success of California halibut, Paralichthys californicus, larvae onto a microdiet at various stages of development utilizing growth, survival and digestive enzyme activity. Weaning onto a microdiet was evaluated at 16, 26, 36 and 46 days posthatch (dph). Alkaline and acid proteases and leucine aminopeptidase activities were measured after weaning and compared between the weaned treatment and Artemia‐fed controls. Survival was significantly lower in the microdiet‐fed treatments compared to the control groups. Growth was significantly reduced in all weaning treatments compared to the control, except for the 46 dph group. No differences in enzyme activities were detected between treatment and diet at 16 and 26 dph; however, activities were higher for the microdiet‐fed larvae at 36 and 46 dph. This study demonstrates that California halibut larvae possess a differentiated and effective digestive system early in development and can be weaned with relative success (>40% survival) before completion of the metamorphosis (i.e., 36 dph). The lack of weaning success at an early date cannot be entirely because of the absence of a functional stomach but could be related to, among other factors, the low‐microdiet ingestion rates observed and higher leaching of smaller microdiets.     

Age,growth and food of Cheimerius nufar (Ehrenberg, 1820) (Sparidae), collected off St Croix Island,Algoa Bay

Age and growth of the santer, Cheimerius nufar, were determined from otoliths. One hyaline and one opaque ring are laid down yearly. The von Bertalanffy growth function yielded the equation L_t = 953,56 [1-e^-654(t ^{+ 2,6177})]. The length-mass relationship W = 0,00005 L^2,7831 was used to determine growth in mass: W_t = 9790,24 [1-e^{-0,0654(t+2,6177)}]^2,7831. Stomach and intestine content analyses were done, using a modification of the points method, as well as the frequency of occurrence method. C. nufar is primarily a piscivore, but also preys on cephalopods and crustaceans.     

添加不同种类的粘合剂对微颗粒饲料物理性状及大菱鲆稚鱼生长状况的影响

研究了5种不同种类的粘合剂,分别为褐藻酸钠(SA)、卡拉胶(Car)、黄原胶(Xan)、明胶(Gel)、魔芋胶(Kon)对微颗粒饲料的物理性状如悬浮性、溶失率及大菱鲆稚鱼的生长、存活及消化酶活力的影响,并以添加淀粉组(Cont)和鲜活饵料(LF)作为对照。试验结果表明,大菱鲆稚鱼终体长Gel组显著高于Xan组和LF组,和其余各组相比差异不显著。而在大菱鲆稚鱼终重上,Gel组显著高于Car组、Xan组、Kon组、Cont组和LF组,但和SA组相比并没有显著差异。在特定生长率上,Gel组显著高于Car组、Xan组、Cont组和LF组,与Kon组、SA组差异不显著。消化酶活力测定结果表明,Gel组和SA组在60日龄肠段和刷状缘膜亮氨酸氨肽酶(ANP)和碱性磷酸酶(AP)比活力均显著高于其余各组。LF组和Xan组在60日龄刷状缘膜AP酶比活力显著低于其他各组。根据试验结果,明胶和褐藻酸钠适宜作为大菱鲆稚鱼微颗粒饲料的粘合剂。