Application of acoustic Doppler current profiler combined with a scientific echo sounder for krill Euphausia pacifica density estimation

ABSTRACT:   An application of the acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP, 153.6 kHz) in combination with a scientific echo sounder (EK60, 38 and 200 kHz) was investigated to estimate the density of krill Euphausia pacifica . The acoustic backscattering strength from sound scattering layers was compared with biomass estimates from midwater trawls. Euphausia pacifica was targeted among mixed species populations in the sound scattering layer in the offshore Funka Bay area of Hokkaido, Japan. The frequency characteristics of acoustic backscattering by krill were calculated using a distorted wave Born approximation scattering model at three frequencies. Krill aggregations identified from the EK60 data were extracted as the mean volume backscattering strength difference between two frequencies. They were then used to identify similar aggregations in the ADCP data by matching observation times and depths for the two methods, which were applied simultaneously. Results from the comparison of the mean volume backscattering strength and the density calculated from the ADCP and EK60 showed that ADCP can be used to measure density and spatial–temporal distribution of krill aggregations. Current speed and direction at the study site were found to be 16.1 cm/s and 187.0°, respectively, and krill speed and direction (including the current component) were found to be 19.8 cm/s and 172.2°, respectively. Based on the ADCP data, the net speed and direction of the krill aggregations were found to be 5.9 cm/s and 128.0°, respectively.     

不同配比南极磷虾粉饲料对网箱养殖俄罗斯鲟生长及氟累积的影响

配制南极磷虾粉替代饲料中鱼粉比例分别为0%、10%、20%、30%的4组饲料饲喂俄罗斯鲟(Acipenser gueldenstaedtii)200 d后,分析南极磷虾粉替代部分鱼粉对网箱养殖俄罗斯鲟生长和鱼体组织氟残留的影响。结果表明:(1)随着南极磷虾粉替代比例的升高,俄罗斯鲟的末重、增重、特定生长率、蛋白质效率先上升后下降,饲料系数先降低后升高,10%组显著高于对照组和其它试验组(P0.05);(2)实验结束时,俄罗斯鲟肌肉、肝脏和鱼鳔的氟浓度低于检测限,但鳃、皮、脊骨和背骨呈现剂量浓度效应,各试验组较对照组显著升高(P0.05)。综上所述,在本实验条件下,在俄罗斯鲟饲料中加入10%比例的南极磷虾粉时获得最佳生长效果和较低的组织氟累积。     

基于多元变量的南极磷虾拖网作业状态影响因素分析

拖网作业过程中的网位、网身状态、拖网整体状态是评价拖网性能优劣的重要指标。以南极磷虾拖网为例,通过测量拖网不同部位（上纲、第3~4节网身连接处和网囊口上部中点）深度,以部位间深度差表示拖网作业状态,分析捕捞操作、海洋环境和渔获量对拖网作业状态的影响,确定中层拖网作业过程中状态的变化趋势。结果表明：（1）上纲与第3~4节网身连接处深度差范围为-0.20~8.02 m,上纲与网囊口上部中点深度差范围为6.49~30.16 m;（2）曳纲长度、拖速、风速、150 m水层流速对磷虾拖网上纲深度影响显著（P< 0.05）;上纲深度与曳纲长度和150 m水层流速呈正相关关系,与拖速呈负相关关系,随风速增加,上纲深度先减小后增大;（3）拖速、200 m水层流速和浪高对上纲与第3~4节网身连接处深度差影响极显著（P< 0.05）;上纲与第3~4节网身连接处深度差具有随拖速和200 m水层流速的增加,先增大后减小的趋势;其中拖速2.6 kn和200 m水层流速0.3 kn时,上纲与网囊口上部中点深度差最大,2 m浪高时,深度差最小;（4）渔获量与上纲和网囊口上部中点深度差呈正相关关系;（5）曳纲长度是影响拖网作业状态的最重要因素,其次是拖网速度、风速、浪高和水流速度。     

南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡磷虾渔场夏秋季汤氏纽鳃樽食物组成及其影响因素研究

为了研究南极磷虾渔场汤氏纽鳃樽的食物组成及其影响因素,实验基于2020年3—4月在布兰斯菲尔德海峡采集到的汤氏纽鳃樽样本,通过分析肠道内容物确定了其食物组成,并进一步分析了其食性的月间以及生活史阶段间差异.结果发现,汤氏纽鳃樽主要摄食硅藻和浮游动物,还少量摄食纤毛虫、原生动物等,优势饵料为羽状环毛藻;汤氏纽鳃樽的摄食存...     

南极磷虾粉营养成分的分析与比较

对两种不同来源的南极磷虾粉营养成分进行了分析和评价,并与进口鱼粉的营养成分进行了比较。结果显示,上海开创远洋渔业有限公司开利轮产南极磷虾粉(磷虾粉S)粗蛋白含量为62.89%,高于辽宁远洋渔业有限公司安兴海轮产南极磷虾粉(磷虾粉D)和进口鱼粉的粗蛋白含量,两种磷虾粉粗蛋白质含量分别达到一级品和二级品指标。磷虾粉S、磷虾粉D和进口鱼粉18种氨基酸总量分别为66.36%、57.19%、67.24%,鲜味氨基酸含量较高分别为24.65%、20.69%和25.25%,8种必需氨基酸含量分别为31.43%、21.74%、25.62%,且磷虾粉S必需氨基酸含量明显高于磷虾粉D和鱼粉,磷虾粉S、磷虾粉D和进口鱼粉三种样品必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)分别为57.83、49.89、57.07;磷虾粉S、磷虾粉D和进口鱼粉三种样品脂肪酸中,多不饱和脂肪酸含量较高分别为43.28%、40.25%、46.58%,且磷虾粉S的EPA与DHA的总量(36.14%)高于磷虾粉D(31.30%)及鱼粉(27.65%)。分析结果表明,南极磷虾粉蛋白含量高,且氨基酸组成符合FAO/WHO推荐的蛋白质理想模式,含有丰富的多不饱和脂肪酸,营养价值较高,具有较大的开发利用前景。     

挤压加工对南极磷虾粉营养组分的影响

利用双螺杆挤压技术制备南极磷虾粉,采用国标方法分析其营养成分,并与船产南极磷虾粉的营养价值进行了比较,包括船产南极磷虾粉和双螺杆挤压方法制备南极磷虾粉的得率、常规营养组分、氨基酸、脂肪酸以及矿物质和微量元素。结果表明:在3种加工方法(其中双螺杆挤压法分别采用两种前处理法)中,两种双螺杆挤压方法制得的虾粉与船产南极磷虾粉的得率、氨基酸、脂肪酸组成及矿物质和微量元素含量差异较显著;但采用双螺杆挤压经两种不同前处理方法分别制得的南极磷虾粉的得率、氨基酸、脂肪酸组成及矿物质和微量元素含量差异不显著。这可能为所用原料基础特性差异不同所致。本文探索了双螺杆挤压技术应用于南极磷虾粉生产的可行性,也为"低温"南极磷虾粉的制备提供了新的思路。     

南极磷虾木瓜蛋白酶酶解产物的营养学评价

分析了经1.5%木瓜蛋白酶55℃酶解3 h后的南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)蛋白酶解产物(上清和沉淀)的营养组成。结果显示:南极磷虾水解度为44.24%;上清冻干物(FDS)中粗蛋白和总糖含量分别为67.13%和13.91%,其必需氨基酸总量(ΣEAA)、鲜味氨基酸总量(ΣDAA)、牛磺酸Tau含量及F值(支链氨基酸/芳香族氨基酸)较酶解前分别提高了8.96%、6.06%、39.10%和16.67%,表明其氨基酸营养价值较酶解前要高。沉淀冻干物(FDP)中粗蛋白和总糖含量分别为44.49%和10.40%,而粗脂肪含量高达33.28%。FDP中总氨基酸含量(ΣAA)、ΣEAA、ΣDAA、Tau含量及F值均下降,但其ΣEAA在ΣAA中的比例高于40%,且8种EAA含量评分均高于FAO/WHO评分模式要求。脂肪酸分析结果表明,FDP中含有饱和脂肪酸(SFA)8种(44.81%),单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)6种(27.55%),多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)7种(27.64%),二十碳五烯酸EPA和二十二碳六烯酸DHA含量较丰富。研究认为在本实验条件下通过木瓜蛋白酶酶解南极磷虾得到的FDS和FDP具有较高的利用价值,可开发为人类重要的蛋白来源。     

Effect of Dietary Antarctic Krill Meal on Growth Performance,Muscle Proximate Composition,and Antioxidative Capacity of Juvenile Spotted Halibut,Verasper variegatus

A 7‐wk feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary Antarctic krill meal (AKM) on the growth performance, proximate composition of muscles, and antioxidative capacity of juvenile spotted halibut. Six diets were formulated to contain about 50% protein and 8% lipid. A control diet (R0) without AKM and the other five diets with 8.1, 16.2, 24.3, 32.4, and 42.5% AKM supplementation (R10–50) to replace 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% fishmeal protein were used to feed to juvenile spotted halibut. The juveniles were fed with each diet using three replicates and cultivated in the indoor culture system. Results showed that the specific growth rate, feed intake, and protein efficiency ratio in the R30 and R40 groups were significantly higher than that in other groups (P < 0.05). Survival rate in the R50 group was significantly lower compared with the R0 group and the other four AKM supplementation groups. Moreover, the rising AKM levels in diets had significant effects on the chemical composition of juvenile spotted halibut, showing significantly decreased contents of crude protein, but increased lipid and ash contents (P < 0.05). The total superoxide dismutase activity and catalase activity of serum and liver in AKM groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). In contrast, the contents of malondialdehyde in serum and liver were significantly lower compared with the control group. These findings illustrate that a moderate AKM level in diets can significantly improve the growth performance, feed utilization, and antioxidative capacity in juvenile spotted halibut, which support the finding that AKM may be used as a good protein source for halibut in the aquafeed industry.     

南极磷虾粉潜在危害因子分析及风险评价进展

南极磷虾粉是目前南极磷虾船载加工的主要产品之一,富含优质蛋白质、脂质、磷脂、虾青素和矿物质等物质,具有良好的开发利用前景。目前,南极磷虾粉主要用作水产动物饲料及提取油脂等的原料。然而,研究表明南极磷虾粉也存在潜在危害因子不明确等问题,严重限制了其应用领域和范围的拓展。因此,本文分析了南极磷虾粉潜在危害因子的来源、限量标准、检测方法等,介绍了南极磷虾粉风险评估进展,旨在为南极磷虾粉危害因子的减除和深度利用提供参考依据。     

Prey selection of common minke (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) and Bryde's (Balaenoptera edeni) whales in the western North Pacific in 2000 and 2001

A study of common minke and Bryde's whales was conducted in the western North Pacific in the 2000 and 2001 summer seasons to estimate prey selection of cetaceans as this is an important parameter in ecosystem models. Whale sighting and sampling surveys and prey surveys using quantitative echosounder and mid‐water trawl were carried out concurrently in the study. Biomasses of Japanese anchovy, walleye pollock and krill, which were major prey species of common minke and Bryde's whales, were estimated using an echosounder. The results suggested that common minke whale showed prey selection for Japanese anchovy while they seemed to avoid krill in both the offshore and coastal regions and walleye pollock in the continental shelf region. Selection for shoaling pelagic fish was similar to that in the eastern North Atlantic. Bryde's whale showed selection for Japanese anchovy in August 2000 and July 2001, while it showed prey selection for krill in May and June in 2001.