内陆干旱区农业发展的水资源“增长阻力”——黑河中游实证研究

水资源短缺已成为制约内陆干旱区农业可持续发展的关键因子。本文在借鉴罗默的“增长阻力”概念模型的基础上,以地处黑河中游的民乐县和临泽县为典型研究区域,利用2000—2010年的农业生产面板数据集,度量了水资源紧缺对内陆干旱区农业生产的制约程度。结果表明,由于水资源要素的限制,民乐县和临泽县的农业总产值平均每年的增速要比上年降低0.9979个百分点和0.6228个百分点。在此基础上,对“增长阻力”的影响因素进行了进一步分析,并从节水设施改造,构建农田水利设施的长效机制,发展特色节水农业,提高水资源社会化管理水平和营造节水型社会建设的氛围五个方面,就如何减少水资源要素对农业发展的“增长阻力”提出了相应的政策建议。     

中国鱿鱼钓机装备研究现状及展望

鱿鱼钓机是远洋鱿钓渔业的重要生产工具。目前鱿鱼钓机装备发展面临的主要问题是机钓产量低。本文介绍了我国鱿鱼钓机装备的研究现状,对钓机运转速度、作业水深控制、抖动模式设置及结构设计等方面的研究趋势进行了探讨。最后,提出了我国鱿鱼钓机发展对策,研究指出需重点解决钓机结构优化设计、控制系统性能优化、运行参数优化等问题,为远洋鱿钓渔业的可持续发展提供参考依据。     

Movement patterns of Lichia amia (Teleostei: Carangidae): results from a long-term cooperative tagging project in South Africa

Understanding fish movement patterns and migrations is important for fisheries management as well as the identification and conservation of critical habitats. Data collected by the Oceanographic Research Institute's Cooperative Fish Tagging Project (ORI-CFTP) were used to describe the large-scale movement patterns of Lichia amia along the South African coastline. A total of 10 762 L. amia were tagged between 1984 and 2012, of which 744 (7%) were recaptured. Most tagging effort, mainly on juvenile and subadult individuals, took place along the south-eastern (i.e. Eastern Cape) and south-western (i.e. Western Cape) regions of the country during summer. Conversely, more L. amia were tagged and recaptured (mostly adults) during winter and spring (July to November) along the north-east coast (i.e. KwaZulu-Natal). Movements (dispersal distance in kilometres) by juveniles were restricted and largely confined to estuaries within the south-eastern and south-western regions of the country. There was a significant effect of fish size on distance moved (ANOVA: p<0.001), with evidence of a distinct seasonal (winter) longshore migration by adults to KwaZulu-Natal. The consequences of juvenile residency in estuarine habitats and high recapture rate of adults during a directed, seasonal spawning migration are discussed in light of improving current fisheries management.     

日本对虾的实验室养殖研究

我们曾将发病残存的日本对虾继续养殖作为亲虾,进行夏季高温育苗,所得到的虾苗在实验室里桶养,证明在人工饲养条件下它们是可成活和生长的,本实验还提示,若能解决水质净化问题,日本对虾甚至有可能移至内陆养殖。     

张掖黑河灌区苜蓿高效灌溉模式研究

通过对黑河流域大满灌区灌溉试验,测定了不同生育年龄甘农3号苜蓿Medecago sativacv.GannongNo.3地上生物量,经统计分析建立了苜蓿地上生物量年际动态和不同生育年内各茬间动态变化规律,结果表明,不同年际间各茬产量在不同水分处理下水分利用效率存在明显差异。不同水分处理下产量的变化呈高-低-高的“S”型变化,确定了苜蓿地的高效灌溉时期为现蕾-开花期,优化灌溉定额为520 mm,为苜蓿高产节水灌溉模式提供了理论依据。     

水产院校《组织胚胎学》精品课程建设的改革与探索

精品课程建设是深化教学改革、提高教学质量的重要举措之一。从师资队伍建设、教学环节的优化、教学方法和手段的革新、教学管理的规范等方面阐述了对水产院校《组织胚胎学》精品课程建设的改革和探索。     

Notes on the Bathypelagic Fauna of the Seas Around South Africa

The preliminary results of a study of the endemic giant tortoise population of Aldabra Atoll in the Indian Ocean (Geochehne gigantea Schweigger) are briefly described. Their number would appear to have increased dramatically since the turn of the century to their present level of some 141 000 individuals. Crude estimates of mortality and reproductive rates are also given.     

Molecular species identification and population genetics of chondrichthyans in South Africa: current challenges,priorities and progress

Molecular genetic techniques, such as DNA barcoding and genotyping, are increasingly being used to assist with the conservation and management of chondrichthyans worldwide. Southern Africa is a shark biodiversity hotspot, with a large number of endemic species. According to the IUCN Red List, a quarter of South Africa's chondrichthyans are threatened with extinction. South Africa's commercial shark fisheries have increased over the last decade and there is a need to ensure sustainable utilisation and conservation of this fisheries resource. Here, we give an overview of the molecular techniques that are used to assist in the identification of species, cryptic speciation and possible interspecific hybridisation, as well as the assessment of population structure and reproductive behaviour of endemic and commercially important chondrichthyan species of southern Africa. We discuss the potential application of these techniques for management and conservation of several species affected by South African fisheries. Acquiring baseline barcode data of all chondrichthyans in southern African waters and assessing the population structure of exploited species on a local and greater regional scale are recommended as research priorities. Future prospects should also include high-throughput molecular marker development and investigation of intraspecies functional variation using next generation sequencing technology.     

计算机在渔政管理中的应用——捕捞许可证数据库网络系统

作者介绍了《捕捞许可证数据库网络系统》，这是借鉴国内外管理经验提出的，最终实现大连市渔政部门与所属各县区形成一个渔政管理的计算机通讯网络，为进入“全国渔业管理信息系统工程”做基础准备，其目的利用现有渔政设施逐步提高宏观调控能力，循序渐进达到科学化、规范化的管理效果，使渔业生产获取最佳的经济效益和社会效益。