Policy options for Agriculture Green Development by farmers in China

Farmers are the key agents who manage land and water. Agriculture Green Development (AGD) requires a transformation in farming from high resource consumption and environmental cost to sustainable intensification with high productivity, high resource use efficiency and low environmental risk. This paper analyzes the public policy challenge of AGD and makes the case for a location-sensitive policy mix made up of regulation, advice provision, voluntarism and targeted incentives. The public agricultural extension service in China is a key resource, but one that requires reorientation and reform with the aim of better balancing high farm productivity with environmental protection.     

浙江省发展农业技术创新战略联盟的需求诱因及对策

农业技术创新战略联盟能够有效整合农业产业技术创新资源,引导创新要素向企业集聚,是促进产业技术集成创新、有力提升产业核心竞争力的组织形式。文章以浙江为例,基于农业技术创新战略联盟发展的战略背景,通过分析发展农业技术创新战略联盟的需求诱因及其发展现状与存在的主要问题,提出浙江发展农业技术战略联盟的总体思路与促进农业技术战略联盟发展壮大的对策建议。     

对技工院校学生德育方法的探讨

德育的方法是指达到德育目标而采取的各种影响方式的总和,具体可采取灌输教育法、情感激励法、锻炼法、品德评价法、自我教育法、感恩教育法。     

Managing fisheries is managing people: what has been learned?

Understanding the behaviour of fishermen is a key ingredient to successful fisheries management. The aggregate behaviour of fishing fleets can be predicted and managed with appropriate incentives. To determine appropriate incentives, we should look to successes to learn what works and what does not. In different fisheries incentive systems have been found to reduce the race‐for‐fish and make fisheries profitable, to stimulate stock rebuilding, to reduce bycatch, and to provide for reductions in illegal fishing. Yet, success can be evaluated in many dimensions, but is, in fact, rarely done – per cent overfished seems to be the dominant measure of performance. I evaluate the yield lost due to overfishing in several ecosystems and contrast the situation of North Atlantic cod where considerable yield is lost, to fisheries in New Zealand and the west coast of the USA where lost yield due to overfishing is very small. Much more systematic evaluation of the other aspects of fisheries performance is greatly needed. From examples explored in this paper I conclude that prevention of overfishing can be achieved with strong central governments enforcing conservative catch regulations, but economic success appears to require an appropriate incentive structure.     

A gap analysis of terrestrial protected areas in England and its implications for conservation policy

Many protected area (PA) systems have developed in response to socio-economic and aesthetic criteria and need to be modified to increase their conservation value. National gap analyses are an important step in describing and addressing this problem, so we sought to determine the representativeness of English PAs devoted to biodiversity conservation by using Natural Areas (NAs), elevation and PA boundary data. We found that National Nature Reserves (NNRs) and Sites of Special Scientific Interests (SSSIs) cover only 6.3% of England and are generally small, with respective median areas of 1.1 and 0.2 km². The English PA system under-represents lowland areas and provides a median level of 2.5% protection for the NA types, with seventy nine per cent of NA types having less than 10% protection. Therefore, we suggest that England's PA system needs to be expanded, although this would probably entail modification of existing legislation to increase involvement by landowners. We also compare our results with previous appraisals that used species distribution record data and suggest that landscape-level analyses may give a more accurate and less positive assessment.     

运用市场机制控制大气污染——美国酸雨计划中的SO_2排放交易系统

系统分析了美国酸雨计划中的SO2排放交易系统,从法规、管理、技术和市场交易等角度研究其排放限额的分配、流通、追踪以及与之配套的污染源监测技术保障,并对我国酸雨和SO2的污染控制中引入市场机制进行了探讨。     

Establishing Conservation Easements on Forested Riparian Buffers: Opportunities for Long-term Streamside Protection

Forest riparian buffers are an important means of conserving land. The Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP) offers financial incentives to landowners to install forested riparian buffers under 10–15 year contracts. This study explores whether Pennsylvania CREP participants who had established a riparian buffer would also place it under a permanent conservation easement. A mail questionnaire was developed and administered to 685 CREP participants. It was found that the majority of the respondents are likely to leave their buffer intact when the CREP contract expires, but are hesitant to agree to conservation easements. Property rights, education and finances are among the key issues affecting acceptance of conservation easements.     

海藻养殖碳汇渔业发展的政府激励机制研究

建立了基于机制设计理论的政府激励机制模型,分析了在不完全信息情况下政府最优的激励强度应是β=λ2/λ2+tρσ2,政府的激励强度与养殖者的努力程度系数成正比。政府会根据观察到的养殖者行为确定相应的激励强度,进而设立激励合同S(π)=+βπ,引导养殖者按照政府的期望进行养殖,使养殖者追求个人利益的行为正好与政府追求的集体价值最大化的目标相吻合,计算出了2008年的激励强度和激励合同分别为69.3万t和210.154万元。最后提出了包括供求激励机制的构建、融资激励机制的构建、养殖技术激励机制的构建、国际合作激励机制的构建的政府激励机制的构建办法。     

Private Native Forestry in NSW: Environmentally Benign,Economically Important but Silviculturally Challenged?

With large areas of public native forests now converted into National Parks and unavailable for timber harvest, private native forests (PNF) in New South Wales (NSW) are becoming increasingly important in providing timber for the wood processing industry. At the same time, there is increasing interest in the role that these private forests play in providing and maintaining habitat for wildlife. Historically, timber production from these forests has been opportunistic, with little or no silviculture to maintain wood production potential. Market circumstances and policy settings have not favoured sound silvicultural practice, generating an exploitative and short-term view of the timber resource to maximise short-term returns. This has occurred at a time when these forests are an important and increasing source of log supply to industry. This paper discusses payment of biodiversity credits (incentives) to improve both environmental management and timber production outcomes, and examines the findings of some recent studies on the ‘sustainability’ of PNF. Willingness-to-pay (WTP) and willingness-to-supply studies reveal a disparity between the demand and supply prices for biodiversity and habitat ‘services’ in many cases. Recent ‘sustainability’ studies indicate forestry operations are relatively benign in their impacts on biodiversity, compared to other land uses. However, in the absence of increased financial returns from PNF and in the face of increased public demand for greater environmental outcomes, there seems little alternative to meeting the competing demands of biodiversity and timber production than to implement a system of incentive payments which reward sound private forest management for a multiplicity of objectives.