Effects of predator-induced visual and olfactory cues on 0+ perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) foraging behaviour

Abstract –  Foraging juvenile fish with relatively high food demands are usually vulnerable to various aquatic and avian predators. To compromise between foraging and antipredator activity, they need exact and reliable information about current predation risk. Among direct predator-induced cues, visual and olfactory signals are considered to be most important. Food intake rates and prey-size selectivity of laboratory-reared, naive young-of-the-year (YOY) perch, Perca fluviatilis , were studied in experiments with Daphnia magna of two size classes: 2.8 and 1.3 mm as prey and northern pike, Esox lucius , as predator. Neither total intake rate nor prey-size selectivity was modified by predator kairomones alone (water from an aquarium with a pike was pumped into the test aquaria) under daylight conditions. Visual presentation of pike reduced total food intake by perch. This effect was significantly more pronounced (synergistic) when visual and olfactory cues were presented simultaneously to foraging perch. Moreover, the combination of cues caused a significant shift in prey-size selection, expressed as a reduced proportion of large prey in the diet. Our observations demonstrate that predator-induced olfactory cues alone are less important modifiers of the feeding behaviour of naive YOY perch than visual cues under daylight conditions. However, pike odour acts as a modulatory stimulus enhancing the effects of visual cues, which trigger an innate response in perch.     

Analysis of Radial Forces on the Seal Block in a Compound Gear Pump with 3 Idle Gears

By analyzing the pressure distribution between gears and sealing blocks in compound gear pump with three idlers,the resultant hydraulic forces acting on seal blocks are obtained.The conclusion is the unbalanced resultant hydraulic forces are relatively small in magnitude.In the pump,the inner sealing edges are long and so it s Sealing effect is good,but the outer sealing effect is relatively poor because of its short sealing edges.The little unbalanced force pushes the sealing block to te pumping chamber,therefore it is advantageous to meliorating the pump's sealing effect,thereby to improving it's volumetric efficiency as well.     

Reference Efficiency of Planetary Gear Train

Reference efficiency of a pair of gear drive without planetary motion is the base to calculate efficiency of the whole planetary gear train. The authors find reference efficiency for speed increase is higher than that of the same drive used for speed reduction. This is different from the earlier viewpoint. New equations are derived for correctly calculating the reference efficiency of spur gear and helical gear with internal conjugate and external conjugate either in the state of speed increase or speed reduction respectively. The equations are also used to calculate efficiency of 2K-H planetary gear train.     

Intensity Comparative Analysis Based on Ideas Between Involute Gear and Double Involute Gear

Modeler and simulation modules in Ideas software are used to build the finite element models on involute gear and double involute gear with accurate tooth shape, and with the same design parameters and under the same loads, finite element contact analysis has been done. At last, the contact stress and bending stress on the two types gear transmission at the different meshing positions are solved out, and comparative analysis and study have been done. At the same time, that the ladder-shape tooth on the double involute gear how to influence contact stress and bending stress is emphatically analysed. All above offer the theoretical foundation that bring the double involute gear with ladder-shape tooth into the industry.     

Vibration & Noise Analysis on Double-ring Gear Reducer

Double-ring gear reducer with Central inputting shaft is studied. The basic structure of reducer as well as testing equipment, probe spot and testing method of Structure-borne noise and air-borne noise is presented. Based on frequency spectrum of each point, amplitude spectrum of structure-borne noise and testing results of air-borne noise, the authors analyze the vibration characters and latent faults of double-ring gear reducer, coming to the value and the cause of the noise, providing theoretical basis for proper design of the double-ring gear reducer and method of reducing its vibration and noise.     

EDM Generating Technology of Quenched Internal Gear

Based on the infroduction of the present process of quenched internal gear, a new technolgy of machining quenched internal gear-EDM generating technology is presented with its principle and machining processes. .     

THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION AND PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION ON ROLLING CONE ENVELOPING HOURGLASS WORM GEARING

In this paper, a new high - strength worm gearing, named'rolling cone enveloping hourglass worm gearing' is proposed. With such a new type of worm gearing, the motion form between meshing tooth surfaces is changed in nature. A systematic theoretical study. a lot of numerical calculations and parameter analyses have been done. Based on these analyses,the optimum design of worm gearing is obtained. It is shown that this worm gearing possesses the virtues of high efficiency, large load capacity, long life -span and easy meanufacture.