Factors Affecting the use of Dreissena polymorpha as a Bioindicator: the PCB Pollution in Lake Como (N. Italy)

The aim of this study was to assess the PCB pollutionof the South-Western branch of Lake Como by using thezebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) as abioindicator since its recent reintroduction. Someenvironmental and physiological variables influencingaccumulation processes of organochlorine compounds inDreissena were investigated because climaticfactors may affect life cycle, reproductive stage andage. PCB levels were highest in the soft tissues ofDreissena close to the industrialized area ofComo (2298 ng g^-1 of lipids) and slowly decrease goingnorth, reaching approximately half this value at theclosing section of the lake branch. Nonetheless, thePCB concentrations are well below the dangerous levelsfor the aquatic environment.     

淡水池塘网箱养殖漠斑牙鲆试验报告

通过对漠斑牙鲆淡水池塘网箱养殖试验,掌握了该品种的生活习性,探索出漠斑牙鲆内陆地区淡水养殖模式,总结出养殖过程中应采取的技术措施。25m~2网箱总产漠斑牙鲆102．9 kg,平均单产4．12 kg/m~2,平均规格为306．25 g/尾,成活率达84%。     

诺氟沙星在淡水青虾体内药物代谢动力学研究

在（26±1）℃的水温条件下,青虾一次性肌肉注射25mg／kg诺氟沙星后,用反相高效液相色谱法测定青虾血淋巴和肌肉组织中诺氟沙星含量。青虾血淋巴药一时曲线和肌肉药一时曲线均可以用二室开放模型来描述,诺氟沙星在青虾血淋巴液中的主要药动学参数为：分布相半衰期t1/α为1．66h,消除相半衰期t1/β为1．69h,达峰时间T（Peak）为1．82h,峰浓度C（max）为6．0081μg/mL,曲下面积AUC为30．75μg·mL^-1·h^-1,吸收相半衰期t1/2ka为1．66h。肌肉中的主要药动学参数为：分布相半衰期t1/ks为0．08h,消除相半衰期t1/2β为4．42h,达峰时间狄Peak）为0．03h,峰浓度C（max）为16．72μg/mL,曲下面积AUC为12．34μg·mL^-1·h^-1,吸收相半衰期t1/2a为0．08h。结果表明青虾肌注诺氟沙星后,能比较迅速的被吸收,并且在组织中维持较高的药物浓度。     

淡水鱼体质量在线检测及分级系统的设计与试验

设计一种用于淡水鱼体质量在线检测并按质量进行分级的系统,采用电子称质量的方式对鱼体进行质量在线检测并分级。该系统工作原理:当淡水鱼输送到称质量装置时,鱼体在称质量输送机上移动,质量传感器采集鱼体的质量信号,经调理电路处理后传送控制芯片进行储存、分析,计算鱼体的质量及等级;鱼体进入分级段鱼体输送机后,光电传感器将检测到的鱼体位置信号传送至控制芯片,控制系统根据鱼体质量等级以及鱼体位置触发分拨机构工作并执行鱼体分级操作。采用不同质量的砝码组对系统称质量装置的称量准确性进行验证。结果表明:当称质量输送机的运行速度设置为0.16~0.24 m/s时,称质量系统的误差范围小于±0.73%;通过试验对系统的分级速率和分级正确率进行验证,当称质量输送机速率设定为0.20 m/s,分级装置鱼体输送机速度设定为0.20~0.25 m/s时,系统对质量范围为300~3 000 g的淡水鱼鱼体设置分为4级,平均分级速率可达到26条/min,分级正确率为98%以上。     

The role of geomorphology in substratum patch selection by freshwater mussels in the Hawkesbury–Nepean River (New South Wales) Australia

• 1. Microhabitat preferences of freshwater mussels and associated substrate characteristics were investigated across a range of geomorphic reaches in the Hawkesbury–Nepean River, Australia.
• 2. The structure of substratum patches available was strongly influenced by geomorphic reach type. In each reach type, mussel distribution was most frequently correlated with coarse sand and a roughness element characteristic for that reach. Roughness elements such as boulders and cobbles create a flow refuge and were linked with mussel size.
• 3. Small mussels tended to be associated with boulder‐stabilized habitats and medium sized mussels with cobble habitats. Large mussels rarely co‐occurred with any particular roughness element. Individual species were strongly linked to geomorphic reach type. This association may be due to species' differences in ability to colonize available microhabitat types.
• 4. The highly tolerant Velesunio ambiguus dominated shale reaches, characterized by fine sediments and human impacts. In contrast, Hyridella depressa dominated in gorges, utilizing small flow refuges among boulders, while H. australis were present in low densities across a range of substrate conditions.
• 5. The persistence of multispecies assemblages in mussel beds throughout the Hawkesbury–Nepean River implies similar niche utilization among species. Partitioning of habitats across species on the basis of size suggests some degree of habitat selection, or differential survival. At the local scale, microhabitat characteristics influenced the size distribution and densities of mussel assemblages. Continuing declines in mussel densities are likely to result from ongoing channel modification and increased siltation resulting from changes to riparian vegetation.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Tracking change in a human‐dominated landscape: developing conservation guidelines using freshwater fish

• 1. To conserve biodiversity in a human‐dominated landscape, a science‐based inventory and monitoring plan is needed that quantifies existing resources, isolates drivers that maintain natural communities, determines harmful stressors, and links ecological drivers and human stressors. A tactical approach is proposed for conservation planning using freshwater fish at the Cape Cod National Seashore.
• 2. Freshwater fish are well studied and occur across environmental gradients. The lentic systems at the national park are relatively pristine yet are enveloped by a region of high population density. Using fish community data, three steps were taken for tracking anthropogenic impacts in a human dominated landscape. First, fish and potential drivers were sampled intensively along a gradient to determine which fish metrics reflect natural communities and which abiotic and biotic factors structure them. Second, emerging and existing regional human threats were identified. Third, these human threats were linked to the potential drivers that maintain natural communities to identify the most informative metrics to monitor and track change.
• 3. Fish communities, water quality, habitat, and food resources were sampled concurrently in 18 ponds in 1999 and 2000. Three common fish species explained 98% of variation in numbers across systems. Based on ecological relationships, pH, depth, vegetation, prey, and community complexity were determined to maintain biodiversity of freshwater fish communities.
• 4. The primary human threats here included: development‐related, land‐use changes; non‐point source pollution; eutrophication from septic systems; and introduced species that are a byproduct of high human visitation. These are common threats in many rapidly urbanized areas and are likely to have relevance to many sites.
• 5. To track the impact of emerging threats to freshwater ponds related to increased human population, monitoring changes in water quality, vegetated habitat, fish diversity, and trophic interactions are recommended.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Selection of taxa as indicators of river and freshwater wetland quality in the UK

• 1. To assess the efficacy of environmental management policies and practices, there is a progressive transition from monitoring of activities towards assessment of their outcomes for the environment.
• 2. Population trends of key taxonomic groups can serve as useful indicators of broader environmental integrity and health. Several necessary and desirable criteria for selecting meaningful and suitable indicators are discussed. The attributes of a range of taxa and survey methods used for their assessment are discussed with reference to these criteria.
• 3. Survey methods, data holdings and analytical methods for populations of wild birds at present provide a good basis for developing indicators of the quality of fresh waters at a landscape scale. Other taxa are not necessarily any less appropriate; however, survey design and data representativeness are often limiting factors to the use of other taxa for assessing geographic and temporal trends.
• 4. Taxonomic science and ecological monitoring are necessary for determining society' progress with sustainable development and for informing appropriate enhancements to policy and management practice, particularly so for fresh waters.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国养殖水产品供给特征分析

通过对1985年至2004年的水产养殖产量分品种、分产区进行分类统计分析,发现我国养殖水产品供给呈现以下特点:(1)水产养殖产量快速增长;(2)海水养殖占水产养殖产量的比例逐渐上升;(3)养殖品种趋同性问题仍未根本改善;(4)特种水产品产量提高较快;(5)沿海地区、长江和珠江流域等传统养殖区仍是我国主要水产养殖区。文章最后对我国水产养殖存在的问题以及发展对策展开了讨论。