高能日粮条件下半胱胺对大鼠抗氧化功能的影响

通过在正常日粮中添加高油脂来制备高能日粮,探讨高能日粮条件下,添加0、15、30、60mg/kg半胱胺(CS)对大鼠抗氧化功能的影响。试验结果表明:添加15、30mg/kg半胱胺均能显著提高大鼠抗氧化能力(P<0.05),30mg/kg半胱胺能使大鼠抗氧化能力恢复到接近正常日粮组水平,60mg/kg半胱胺对大鼠抗氧化能力的恢复无显著影响(P>0.05)。半胱胺添加的最适剂量为30mg/kg。     

Evaluation of vegetable protein in canine diets: Assessment of performance and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility using a broiler model

Recent technological advances in the human food industry with respect to meat processing have decreased the availability of animal proteins to the pet food industry which typically formulates diets with an excess of animal protein. In the long term, this is not sustainable; thus, alternative protein sources need to be investigated. This study examined three canine diets, comparing a typical animal protein‐based diet (control) with two experimental diets where the animal protein was substituted in part with vegetable protein (formulated based either on total protein or amino acid content) using a broiler model. Each diet was fed to six cages each containing two birds from day 15, 18 cages in total (36 birds). Excreta were collected from days 19 to 21. On day 23, birds were euthanized and weighed, and their ileal digesta were collected and pooled for each cage. In addition, one leg per cage was collected for evaluation of muscle mass. Results showed no significant difference in animal performance (feed intake or live weight gain) or muscle to leg proportion across the diets. Birds fed the control diet and the diet balanced for amino acid content exhibited the greatest coefficients of apparent metabolizability for nitrogen (p < .001). Birds fed the diets that contained partial replacement of animal with vegetable protein generally had greater ileal digestibility of amino acids compared to birds fed the control (animal protein) diet. Analysis of excreta showed no dietary difference in terms of dry matter content; however, birds fed the diet balanced for total protein and the diet balanced for amino acid content had significantly greater excreta nitrogen than the control (p = .038). Overall, the study suggests vegetable proteins when formulated based on amino acid content are a viable alternative to animal proteins in canine diets.     

近30年中国农田耕层土壤有机质含量变化

土壤有机质含量是影响土壤肥力水平的重要指标,也是开展耕地质量建设、科学施肥工作的基础。利用2005—2014年测土配方施肥项目数据与全国第二次土壤普查数据进行对比,分析了近30年来中国农田耕层土壤有机质的变化趋势。结果显示,30年来我国农田耕层土壤有机质含量呈整体上升趋势,目前,全国耕层土壤有机质平均含量为24.65 g kg~(-1),较全国第二次土壤普查时期提高4.85 g kg~(-1),提高24.49%。其中,30~40 g kg~(-1)等级比例增加3.64个百分点,20~30 g kg~(-1)等级比例增加5.68个百分点,10~20 g kg~(-1)等级比例增加5.36个百分点。需要引起注意的是,大于40 g kg~(-1)等级比例减少了1.38个百分点。     

Nutritional value of Pavlova spp. (Prymnesiophyceae) for spat of the Cortez oyster Crassostrea corteziensis during late-nursery culturing at the hatchery

Three Pavlova species were evaluated for their nutritional value as diets for growth and survival of the Cortez oyster Crassostrea corteziensis spat during late‐nursery cultivation at a hatchery. Microalgae were provided as monospecific diets (Pavlova salina, P. sp. C50 and P. sp. C53) and in binary combinations of diets 1+2, 1+3 and 2+3 at 80–90 × 10³ cells mL^?1 for 21 days. Juveniles experienced high survival rates and grew well with all dietary treatments, but binary diets yielded greater survival and growth of spat. From the three binary treatments, Diet 6 (P. sp. C50 and P. sp. C53) promoted significantly (P<0.001) fastest growth of juveniles in shell height (0.19 mm day^?1), shell length (0.14 mm day^?1), total wet weight (0.04 g day^?1) and dry weight of meat biomass (0.024 g day^?1). For all shell dimensions, the lowest growth rates occurred with Diets 2 (P. sp. C56 alone) and 3 (P. sp. C50 alone). These results highlight the importance of testing microalgal diets for bivalve spat rather than just relying on published nutritional values.     

Growth,absorption and assimilation efficiency by mature cuttlefish (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sepia officinalis</Emphasis>) fed with alternative and artificial diets

The effects of feeding three natural frozen diets, grass shrimp (Palaemonetes sp.), crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) and fish (Sardina pilchardus) and two semi-humid artificial diets (based on fish powder) to mature cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, were analysed. Growth and feeding rates (GR and FR, % BW day⁻¹), food conversions (FC, %), and total protein and lipid composition of the diets were determined. Digestive gland to body weight ratio and absorption efficiency were calculated for each diet. Cuttlefish fed shrimp and crayfish grew larger (1.5 and 1.1% BW day⁻¹, respectively) compared to the other diets. Shrimp promoted the highest FC, followed by crayfish, and sardine. The highest FR was obtained for cuttlefish fed crayfish (8.4% BW day⁻¹). Although both artificial diets were accepted, none produced growth. A positive correlation (r = 0.96) between cuttlefish ingestion rate and digestive gland weight was obtained. Some cannibalism occurred among cuttlefish fed the artificial diets during the last week of the experiment. According to the results obtained, P. clarkii could be used as an alternative prey to shrimp for rearing adult mature (>50 g) S. officinalis.     

原味型斗烟原料作用分析

【目的】明确原味型斗烟原料烤烟、白肋烟、百里科、东方烟草、拉塔基亚、黑板烟的特性及其在配方中的作用,为原味型斗烟的配方设计提供参考。【方法】对6种斗烟原料常规化学成分、中性致香物质含量进行测定,并对6种斗烟原料及其按1∶1组成的7种配方斗烟(烤烟(对照)、烤烟/白肋烟、烤烟/东方烟草、烤烟/拉塔基亚、烤烟/百里科、烤烟/黑板烟、烤烟/东方烟草/拉塔基亚)进行感官特性分析,研究原料内在化学成分与感官评价之间的相关性。【结果】6种斗烟原料中烤烟的叶绿素降解产物含量高、氮碱比低;白肋烟总糖、还原糖含量低,烟碱含量高;拉塔基亚总氮和类胡萝卜素降解产物含量高;东方烟草(土耳其AG级)总糖、还原糖含量及糖碱比高;黑板烟烟碱含量低、中性致香物质总量低。感官评价结果表明,白肋烟具有坚果香味,可使配方劲道力量、层次变化和室韵嗅香得分升高;东方烟草香气芳香,可使配方层次变化得分升高;百里科刺激性稍大,可使配方劲道力量、层次变化和室韵嗅香得分升高;黑板烟具有焦糖风味,可使配方层次变化得分升高;拉塔基亚具有焚香风味,可使配方室韵嗅香得分升高,但会降低层次变化得分。相关性分析结果表明,烟碱含量与劲道力量呈极显著正相关,氮碱比与劲道力量呈显著负相关;钾含量与层次变化呈显著正相关,类胡萝卜素降解产物含量与层次变化呈显著负相关;总糖含量、还原糖含量、棕色化反应产物含量与室韵嗅香呈显著负相关。【结论】白肋烟、百里科的烟碱含量高、氮碱比低,可使配方劲道力量变强;黑板烟、白肋烟的加入可丰富配方的层次变化;烤烟、东方烟草的总糖、还原糖、棕色化反应产物含量相对较高,要设计室韵嗅香较浓的配方应减少这2种原料的使用量。     

甘蔗条螟半纯人工饲料的研究

试验用８个因素４个水平正交试验设计，综合评价了干酪素（Ａ）、蔗糖（Ｂ）、面包酵母（Ｃ）、麦胚（Ｄ）、抗坏血酸（Ｅ）、蔗茎粉与蔗叶粉比例（Ｆ）、含水量（Ｇ）、琼脂（Ｈ）等因素对甘蔗条螟雌蛹重、存活率、雌幼虫和蛹历期等３个指标的影响，筛选出一个简易、经济、实用，能大量饲养甘蔗条螟的半纯人工饲料配方，其组合为Ａ＿１Ｂ２＿Ｃ＿２Ｄ＿２Ｅ＿２Ｆ＿３Ｇ＿４Ｈ＿３，配制１０００ｍｌ饲料、用干酪素４０ｇ、蔗糖１０ｇ、面包酵母５０ｇ、麦胚２０ｇ，抗坏血酸５ｇ，蔗茎粉和蔗叶粉各３８ｇ、琼脂１８ｇ和水１０００ｍｌ，用该配方饲养甘蔗条螟的存活率为８３％±０．０４．     

设施蔬菜肥料施用现状调查分析及减施潜力估算

对赤峰市典型设施农业区20个种植户进行施肥情况调查。结果表明：赤峰市设施农业有机肥投入量偏高,化肥以基施为主。赤峰市设施蔬菜调查区氮、磷、钾养分总投入量平均分别达 2575、1266、2790 kg/hm _² ,土壤养分投入过大养分过量现象严重。每季黄瓜、番茄、辣椒 N∶P ₂ O ₅ ∶K ₂ O 平均为1:0.49:1.09,养分比例适中。施入土壤的养分总量远超过各自推荐施肥量,养分减施潜力较大。赤峰市设施蔬菜应大力推广测土配方施肥技术,实现资源节约型、环境友好型现代化高效农业。     

不同饲料蛋白源对黄颡鱼生长的影响

以平均体重为11.4g的850尾黄颡鱼为试验动物，随机分为17组，以饲料蛋白质水平和动物性蛋白百分含量为试验因子，采用2因子5水平的回归正交旋转组合设计，以鱼粉、豆粕为动、植物蛋白源得到9种试验饲料，与16组试验动物相对应，进行68d饲养试验。试验结果表明：当饲料蛋白质水平为42.5%，动物性蛋白质百分含量为67%时，黄颡鱼生长最快，对饲料的利用效率也最好。     

基于WebGIS的东风农场橡胶树施肥信息管理系统的设计与实现

以西双版纳东风农场为例,基于开源WebGIS软件GeoServer建立橡胶树施肥信息管理系统,实现橡胶园基础信息查询、橡胶树营养和胶园土壤养分空间查询以及橡胶树施肥配方自动判断等多种功能。