5种生物制剂对马铃薯种薯萌芽、极端天气下植株生长和产量性状的影响

旨在满足马铃薯生产中茬口衔接、机械化生产技术应用、不利气候下稳产等对马铃薯出苗早、齐、壮的需求,以‘费乌瑞它’为供试品种,用基于有益活菌或工程菌提取物的5种生物制剂进行种薯处理,对多重性状进行了对比分析。5种生物制剂较常规化学制剂,均能够不同程度地促进种薯萌芽和芽根同生,出苗期提前2~7天,播种后49天的出苗率提高3.33%~17.78%。其中,表现最好的为酵母核苷酸衍生物和VDAL,种薯萌发和生根均显著高于对照。霜冻后,生物剂拌种处理在恢复前期促进植株生长,由此促进恢复后期的块茎发育,较常规化学处理增产8.39%~24.03%,体现了不同程度的保产效果。多马道黑、酵母核苷酸衍生物、根肽和VDAL体现出较好的保产效果,可作为种薯处理剂投入马铃薯生产。     

配料混合试验的设计和分析

系统地介绍了配料混合试验的基本概念．指出了混合试验与常规因子试验的区别。提出配料混合试验的3种设计，即顶点和边界点设计、矩心设计和极顶设计。以2个实例演示了混合试验资料的统计方法，包括回归和方差分析．驻点分析和等值线分析。     

Improving cereal yield forecasts in Europe – The impact of weather extremes

The impact of extreme events (such as prolonged droughts, heat waves, cold shocks and frost) is poorly represented by most of the existing yield forecasting systems. Two new model-based approaches that account for the impact of extreme weather events on crop production are presented as a way to improve yield forecasts, both based on the Crop Growth Monitoring System (CGMS) of the European Commission. A first approach includes simple relations – consistent with the degree of complexity of the most generic crop simulators – to explicitly model the impact of these events on leaf development and yield formation. A second approach is a hybrid system which adds selected agro-climatic indicators (accounting for drought and cold/heat stress) to the previous one. The new proposed methods, together with the CGMS-standard approach and a system exclusively based on selected agro-climatic indicators, were evaluated in a comparative fashion for their forecasting reliability. The four systems were assessed for the main micro- and macro-thermal cereal crops grown in highly productive European countries. The workflow included the statistical post-processing of model outputs aggregated at national level with historical series (1995–2013) of official yields, followed by a cross-validation for forecasting events triggered at flowering, maturity and at an intermediate stage. With the system based on agro-climatic indicators, satisfactory performances were limited to microthermal crops grown in Mediterranean environments (i.e. crop production systems mainly driven by rainfall distribution). Compared to CGMS-standard system, the newly proposed approaches increased the forecasting reliability in 94% of the combinations crop × country × forecasting moment. In particular, the explicit simulation of the impact of extreme events explained a large part of the inter-annual variability (up to +44% for spring barley in Poland), while the addition of agro-climatic indicators to the workflow mostly added accuracy to an already satisfactory forecasting system.     

田径内涵嬗变与项目沿革新探索

对奥运会田径比赛项目、奥运历史上曾举行过的项目、田径技术、场地、规则、比赛成绩等方面的演变与发展进行新探索。     

关于地理空间数据整合与持续高效更新存在的问题分析

文章针对当前地理空间数据整合与持续高效更新所存在的问题,在地理空间数据更新中引入了“数据同化”这一思想和概念,对持续高效更新存在的问题及“地理空间数据同化”的涵义和关键技术进行了论述.     

Strong functional stability of soil microbial communities under semiarid Mediterranean conditions and subjected to long-term shifts in baseline precipitation

We investigated the effect of soil microclimate on the structure and functioning of soil microbial communities in a Mediterranean Holm-oak forest subjected to 10 years of partial rain exclusion manipulations, simulating average drought conditions expected in Mediterranean areas for the following decades. We applied a high throughput DNA pyrosequencing technique coupled to parallel measurements of microbial respiration (R_H) and temperature sensitivity of microbial respiration (Q₁₀). Some consistent changes in the structure of bacterial communities suggest a slow process of community shifts parallel to the trend towards oligotrophy in response to long-term droughts. However, the structure of bacterial communities was mainly determined by short-term environmental fluctuations associated with sampling date (winter, spring and summer) rather than long-term (10 years) shifts in baseline precipitation. Moreover, long-term drought did not exert any chronic effect on the functioning of soil microbial communities (R_H and Q₁₀), emphasizing the functional stability of these communities to this long-term but mild shifts in water availability. We hypothesize that the particular conditions of the Mediterranean climate with strong seasonal shifts in both temperature and soil water availability but also characterized by very extreme environmental conditions during summer, was acting as a strong force in community assembling, selecting phenotypes adapted to the semiarid conditions characterizing Mediterranean ecosystems. Relations of climate with the phylogenetic structure and overall diversity of the communities as well as the distribution of the individual responses of different lineages (genera) to climate confirmed our hypotheses, evidencing communities dominated by thermotolerant and drought-tolerant phenotypes.     

Cultivation Influences on Soil Organic Carbon Associated with Texture in Seasonally Frozen Zones

[Objective] This study aimed to examine indicative roles of texture representing soil organic carbon presence and variability subsequent to cultivation under cold temperate climates with seasonal freeze-thaw events.[Method] Three chronosequences were selected for paired comparisons.Soil samples were collected at six depths with a 10 cm increment.Analysis of variance with general linear model and regression was performed for statistical analysis.[Result] In seasonally frozen soils where fragmentation of macroaggregates was stimulated,soil organic carbon level was positively associated with clay ＋ silt proportion due to a wider textural range,better than sole clay content.Exponential function better fitted the experimental data to present progressively increased effectiveness of clay ＋ silt content in maintaining carbon.Clay content explained 12％-41％ and 14％-43％ of variation via linear and exponential functions,respectively.Accordingly,clay ＋ silt content explained 47％-65％ and 46％-70％.[Conclusion] Texture reflected soil organic carbon occurrence as consequences of reclamation.For seasonally frozen soils with wider textural ranges,it is robust to adapt clay ＋ silt content as dependent variable and exponential function.The generated algorithms provided an available pathway to estimate soil organic carbon losses following cultivation and to evaluate soil fertility.     

THE EXISTENCE OF APPROXIMATE EXTREME POIKTS OF CONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION

According to the theories o?Riemannian manifolds and variational principles, two theorems about the existence of approximate extreme point of constrained optimization are given in this paper.     

EXISTENCE OF A BASIC OPTIMAL SOLUTION FOR LINEAR VECTOR EXTREME VALUE PROBBEM

In this paper, the concept of basic for linear vector extreme value problem is introduced in the partially ordered vector space. Some properties and results of the linear programming are generalized. And the existaence therom of basic optimal solution is proved.     

近45 a来中国西北汛期降水极值的变化分析

本文利用中国西北五省(区)1960-2004年125个台站汛期(5-9月)逐日降水资料,首先定义了不同台站的极端降水阈值,然后统计出了不同台站近45a来逐年汛期发生极端降水的频次、干日数、极端干期长度、湿日数及极端湿期长度,并对它们的长期变化趋势作了分析,结果表明:近45a来西北西部汛期极端降水发生频次、湿日数和极端湿期长度表现出增多和增长趋势,干日数和极端干期长度表现出减少和变短趋势;西北东部汛期极端降水发生频次、湿日数和极端湿期长度表现出减少和变短趋势,干日数和极端干期长度表现出增多和变长趋势;从整个西北来说,近45a来极端降水发生频次和湿日数表现出了增多趋势,极端干期长度表现为变短趋势,而干日数同极端湿期长度表现出周期波动状变化,另外干日数同极端湿期长度的变化趋势恰恰相反,而湿日数却与极端干期长度的变化趋势恰恰相反;自上世纪80年代以来降水极值变率较过去有所变大。