Selectivity in a trawl codend during haul-back operation—An overlooked phenomenon

The selectivity of a 99 mm trawl codend was assessed using a codend cover fitted with a MultiSampler, which was acoustically triggered to take separate samples at three different phases of the haul. The first sample was collected during towing, the second during haul-up and the third at the surface. A total of 18 hauls were conducted with a commercial fishing vessel west of Scotland. It was demonstrated that escapes take place not only during the tow but also in the short period when the trawl is hauled back from the seabed and when the codend is at the surface. For haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), whiting (Merlangius merlangus) and Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus), respectively, the mean percentages escaping at the surface were 16, 12 and 38% of the total escape while 17, 8 and 28% escaped during the haul-up phase. Compared to towing, the escape rate (no./min) increased for haddock by a factor 2.7 during haul-up and by a factor 1.7 at the surface, whereas the escape rates of whiting were similar for the three phases. The escape rate of Norway lobster increased by a factor of approximately 7 for both the haul-up and surface phases, compared to the towing phase. The selectivity parameters L50 (50% retention length) and SR (selection range = L75–L25) were estimated and compared for the three different phases and for the whole haul for haddock, whiting and Norway lobster. For all three species there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in L50 between the three phases of the haul. There was also no significant difference for whiting and Norway lobster when comparing the SR of the three phases, whereas the SR was significantly lower for haddock when comparing the surface phase with towing and haul-up. The estimate of L50 when towing was about 6 cm lower for haddock and whiting and 9 mm for Norway lobster compared to the selection curve estimated conventionally for the whole haul. Finally, the effect of sea state, duration and codend catch on the selectivity parameters were estimated for the individual phases and for the whole haul. A significant effect of at least one variable was found in all phases.     

Strategy to identify resistance to white mould associated with high yield for irrigated common bean in Brazil

Development of common bean cultivars with partial white mould resistance through breeding techniques has been a challenge in Brazil. As yet, lines/cultivars from breeding programmes have not been investigated for resistance; therefore, this study screened 107 lines/cultivars for their reactions to white mould in 14 preliminary trials conducted under irrigation. Thirteen resistant lines/cultivars (three of Andean origin) and six Mesoamerican cultivars (three intermediately resistant and three susceptible) were selected for further investigation. These lines/cultivars and the resistant control A195 were evaluated in six advanced trials and two straw tests to assess the effectiveness of the screening procedure. In 11 preliminary trials, screenings were performed under moderate/high or higher disease pressure. These pressures occurred in two advanced trials in which, when yields were averaged across moderate/high and high pressures, 10 Mesoamerican lines/cultivars selected for resistance yielded 14%, 23%, and 38% more than intermediately resistant cultivars, A195, and susceptible cultivars, with median disease ratings (1–9 scale) of 4.5, 5.7, 5.7, and 6.7, respectively. In the straw test, three Andean lines/cultivars (A195 included) and two susceptible cultivars in the field were among those with the highest levels of physiological resistance. Thus, field rating under high disease pressure and greenhouse rating did not correlate significantly, suggesting that field trials are critical to evaluating resistance and to identifying high-yielding beans. Therefore, lines/cultivars from breeding programmes assessed in field trials may provide a low cost and fast way to identify high-yielding bean cultivars with partial resistance to white mould in the subtropical southern hemisphere.     

Genes related to flooding tolerance during germination and early growth of weedy rice

Evolution of flooding tolerance in weedy rice has occurred in several rice-growing regions, but the genes related to this process and the environmental effects are unknown. The objective of this study was to analyse the expression of genes related to flooding tolerance in response to temperature and flooding during the initial establishment of weedy rice. The experiments were carried out with rice cultivars IRGA 417 and Nipponbare, which are sensitive to flooding, and weedy rice ITJ03 and AV04 genotypes that have high and intermediate tolerance to flooding, respectively. The expression of genes related to reserve mobilisation, anaerobic respiration, escape and quiescence strategies was analysed at periods up to 24 days after sowing. The flooding tolerance of weedy rice genotype ITJ03 was associated with the expression of RAmy3D and OsTPP7 , which are involved in the mobilisation of carbohydrate reserves, ADH1 and ADH2, which participate in anaerobic respiration, and SNRKL1 that triggers rapid elongation of the coleoptile and emergence. Although the genes PDC1, SUS3 and SUB1 are important for flooding tolerance in cultivated rice, their expression was not directly related to flooding tolerance in weedy rice. A temperature of 20°C reduced levels of expression of the RAmy3D, ADH2 and SNRKL1 genes and low temperature had a negative effect on the establishment of weedy rice. Breeding of rice genotypes with tolerance of low temperatures and anaerobic conditions may be a viable strategy to improve the control of weedy rice in paddy fields.     

拥挤度和光照条件对赤拟谷盗成虫逃逸行为的影响

【目的】研究赤拟谷盗成虫逃逸活动规律和赤拟谷盗种群控制方法。【方法】以赤拟谷盗成虫为研究对象,分析赤拟谷盗成虫逐日逃逸现象,研究拥挤度、光照条件对其逃逸行为的影响。【结果】全黑暗和自然光周期条件下,赤拟谷盗成虫的逐日逃逸数量与拥挤度呈正相关;拥挤度达到50头/皿以上时,赤拟谷盗成虫逃逸行为频繁,且黑暗条件下的逃逸数量显著小于光照条件。【结论】光照对赤拟谷盗成虫的逃逸行为具有刺激作用,拥挤度的增加,有助于成虫逃逸。     

短程硝化反应器过程动力学特性研究

    采用脉冲刺激响应技术对内循环颗粒污泥床短程硝化反应器进行了示踪试验,结果表明反应器循环区的串联级数N为1.02,流态接近全混流反应器(CSTR),反应器沉淀区的分散数D/uL为0.00148,流态接近平推流反应器(PFR),整个反应器的流动模型可以表示为全混流反应器和平推流反应器的串联组合.对内循环颗粒污泥床短程硝化反应器曝气过程中的氨逃逸进行了分析,建立了氨逃逸的动力学模型,测得稳态运行时氨逃逸系数KNH3为0.692 L·h-1.通过物料平衡,建立了内循环颗粒污泥床短程硝化反应器的过程动力学模型,测得稳态运行时的模型参数:氨氮最大比去除速率vmax=8.13mg NH4+-N.(g MLSS)-1·h-1、饱和常数Ks=1.73 mg NH4+-N·L-1,动力学模型的计算值与试验值吻合良好,两者的平均相对误差为12.8%.     

转基因植物潜在的生物入侵问题

通过对转基因植物安全性和外来物种的生物入侵问题的研究发现，转基因植物作为自然界中本来不存在的外来物种，由于其自身的生态幅宽、繁殖能力强等竞争优势，可以通过花粉散布、种子扩散和杂交等途径造成外缘基因的逃逸，从而导致其对生态环境及生物多样性产生一定的影响。     

转Bt Cry1Ac基因抗虫棉花外源基因漂移研究

【目的】研究转Bt Cry1Ac基因棉花外源基因漂移规律,为转基因棉花生态安全性评价提供依据。【方法】2014年在吐鲁番市和2015年在库尔勒市,利用小区试验种植转基因棉花,翌年利用卡那霉素抗性检测结合分子检测的方法检测外源基因的漂移。【结果】在距离转基因棉花小区边缘1~120 m均能检测到含有外源基因Cry1Ac。SGK321种子漂移率最大漂移率是向南方向距离转基因棉花小区边缘1 m处,漂移率为5 %;GK19最大漂移率是向西方向达到了10.09 %。以方向因素和距离因素建立Cry1Ac基因漂移Logistic回归预测模型,方向和距离对种子漂移都有显著影响(P <0.05),但方向和距离两个因子并不能最终决定外源基因的漂移率。【结论】转基因棉花外源基因漂移率受方向和距离的影响,但最终决定外源基因的漂移率,并不是方向和距离联合作用的结果。     

作物基因漂移研究综述

概述了作物基因漂移的研究意义及其对整个生态环境的影响,认识到作物基因漂移对野生近缘种资源的保护和利用、作物的适应性进化和多样化的进程等方面具有的深层次意义;结合现代分子生物技术,建立合理的检控系统模型,进而深入研究转基因作物的释放环境的关系,能更好地指导转基因作物的田间试验工作。     

ArcGIS林业制图理论与实践

文章以ArcGIS10.0为基础,结合昆明市圆宝山林区森林防火通道修复,从GPS参数设置及地理信息采集、地形图PS处理、ArcGIS地理配准、显示GPS点、建立Shape文件(矢量图层)连接GPS点(描图)、长度(面积)计算、图形输出等方面分析了ArcGIS在林业制图中的应用。     

Selection for resistance to Septoria nodorum in wheat

Summary A population of 572 F₂ derived F₃ lines from six crosses were used to estimate parameters relevant to selection for resistance to Septoria nodorum of wheat. Lines were grown in disease free (fungicide sprayed) and inoculated microplots in 2 replications of a split-plot design in a single environment in 1977. Average yield reduction due to disease was approximately 50%; this was associated with an average septoria score of 50% on the flag leaf, an average septoria score of 42% on the head, and a reduction of 37% in seed weight. Low S. nodorum scores were correlated with late heading date, tall plant height, high grain yield, and high seed weight in diseased plots, and high seed weight % (seed weight in diseased plots expressed as a percentage of seed weight in fungicide sprayed plots).Restricted selection indexes were used to study the relative contributions of disease escape, true resistance, and tolerance to variability in grain yield in diseased plots, seed weight in diseased plots, and seed weight %. True resistance appeared to be the most important factor causing variation in grain yield in diseased plots and seed weight %. Tolerance and escape seemed to be more important for seed weight in diseased plots.Heritabilities of S. nodorum scores on the flag leaf and head were 63% and 52%, respectively. Leaf and head scores could be used most effectively as selection criteria to upgrade resistance in a population before harvest.Selection for high seed weight % slightly reduced yields in disease free plots, although yield in diseased plots and seed weight in diseased plots were increased. However, selection for increased yield or increased seed weight in diseased plots improved yield in disease free plots. It is suggested that direct selection for yield or seed weight in diseased plots is likely to achieve more desirable goals than selection for seed weight %.