Evidence for genetic distinction among sympatric ecotypes of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) in south‐western Alaskan lakes

Resource polymorphism may play an important role in the process of speciation. The Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) exhibits great phenotypic and genetic diversity across its range, making it an ideal species for studies of resource polymorphism and divergence. Here, we investigated genetic variation at 11 microsatellite loci among 287 Arctic char from five isolated yet proximate postglacial lakes in south‐western Alaska that were previously examined for resource polymorphism. Significant differences in pairwise F_ST were detected among all lakes (range from 0.05 to 0.28, all P < 0.02). In one lake (Lower Tazimina Lake), we found evidence for two genetic groups of char and for significant differences in the distribution of microsatellite variability among at least two of the three previously described body size morphotypes (‘large’‐, ‘medium’‐, and ‘small’‐bodied char; maximum F_ST = 0.09; differences in admixture proportions). We also found a significant association between genetic admixture proportions and gill raker counts among body size morphs (r = ?0.73, P < 0.001). Our data represent the first record of genetically distinct sympatric morphs of Arctic char in Alaska and provide further evidence that differences in morphology associated with feeding (gill rakers) and growth trajectories reflect niche diversification and promote genetic divergence in Holarctic populations of Arctic char.     

四种鱚属鱼类线粒体Cyt b基因的序列变异及系统发育研究

测定和分析了4种鱚属(Sillago)鱼类:斑鱚(Sillago aeolus)、亚洲鱚(S. asiatica)、多鳞鱚(S. sihama)和少鳞鱚(S. japonica)线粒体细胞色素b基因序列片段,比较了不同鱚属鱼类种间的序列差异,探讨了彼此间系统发育关系和分类地位。结果显示,4种鱼类平均核苷酸组成为T 29.9%、C 29.2%、A 21.5%、G 19.3%,种间平均净遗传距离在0.157到0.280之间。最大似然法构建的系统树显示,少鳞鱚和亚洲鱚首先聚类、再与多鳞鱚和斑鱚相聚,斑鱚是最晚分化出的鱼类。基于Cyt b基因序列核苷酸分歧速率计算得出4种鱼类发生遗传分化时间在距今785—1400年前的第三纪中新世(Miocene)。     

一次春季冰雹天气的中尺度系统分析

对2007年5月5日江苏出现的大范围雷雨、大风和区域性冰雹天气的环流背景场进行了分析,结果表明：这次强对流天气是由北方南下的冷空气触发所致,锋前对流层低层的增温和500hPa冷空气的先行南下使潜在的对流不稳定性加剧;地面冷锋前中尺度低压的发展是对流性天气发展的主要因素;强烈的上升运动和低层水汽通量辐合提供了有利于冰雹产生的过冷水滴的碰撞增长条件;冰雹天气的产生与地面物理量场有很好的配置关系。     

干热河谷泥石流流域不同分区土壤养分特征

以云南泥石流频发的小江流域为研究区域,根据该流域的微地貌特点,将流域划分为物源区、流通区、堆积区;为全面了解土壤肥力的分区异质性特征,结合各分区土地利用类型,分析其土壤物理结构、养分特征。结果表明：不同分区土壤颗粒组成差异性不大,土壤质地以粗粒和砾石为主,土壤沙石化明显,流通区土壤物理结构相对较好;小江流域山地土壤含水量总体受季节影响较大,而不同分区的土壤含水量则受垂直地带性因素影响,表现为流通区〉物源区〉堆积区;不同分区土壤养分含量受人类活动、土壤类型、土壤颗粒组成等因素影响,差异性特征复杂,总体含量丰富。     

运动电磁场的Maxwell方程组-电场与磁场的关系(3)

对运动电磁场的电场强度变量和磁感应强度变量做旋度及散度运算分析，表明除电位移变量项与经典Mexwell方程组的正负号不同外，大多数时变电磁场理论下的Maxwell方程都可以在一定条件下从运动电磁场的Maxweel方程组中导出。但在有些条件下运动电磁场的Maxwell创方程组仍然可以应用，并能得到正确的结果，而经典Maxwell方程组无法应用。这说明用“运动电场具有磁场特性；运动磁场具有电场特性”来描述电场与磁场之间的关系要比时变电磁场理论更符合自然规律。时变电磁场理论的Maxwell方程组是运动电磁场在特殊条件下的特殊形式。所谓时变电磁场可能是运动电磁场在特殊条件下的特殊表现，时变电场与时变磁场之间的相互转化可能是运动电磁场在特殊条件下所表现出的假象，并非电磁场的真正规律。时变电磁场理论的Maxwell方程组作为数学工具在一些领域中可以应用，但作为原理表达式，它们不是每个都正确的，也不是总对的。     

用线粒体D-loop和Cyt b基因序列分析拉氏(鲮)3个群体的遗传结构和遗传分化

用线粒体DNA的D-loop和Cytb基因序列分析方法研究了吉林延吉、敦化和辽宁法台3个区域的29尾拉氏鱼岁Phoxinus lagowskii Dybowsky的遗传多样性.经PCR扩增和测序,获得了783～785bp D-loop和818bpCyt b的同源序列.两者多态性遗传参数统计显示,29尾个体分别存在47(D-loop)和89(Cyt b)个变异位点,分别检测出15 (D-loop)和1l(Cyt b)个单倍型,总群体单倍型(Hd)分别为0.8966 (D-loop)和0.8990(Cyt b),核苷酸多样性指数(Px)分别为0.0246(D-loop)和0.0498 (Cyt b),平均核苷酸差异数(K)分别为19.2857(D-loop)和40.7365(Cytb).分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果表明,79.02％(D-loop)和81.69％(Cyt b)变异来自群体间,20.98％(D-loop)和18.31％(Cyt b)来自群体内.单倍型呈明显的地理差异,分成2个分支,一个以延吉群体为主,一个以法台群体为主.拉氏(鲮)的遗传多样性水平较高,群体间遗传分化明显.该结果可为拉氏(鲮)的种质资源保护提供参考.     

选择与适应:兰科植物查尔酮合酶基因家族成员的分子进化和功能趋异

回顾了近十五年来国内外对各科植物查尔酮合酶基因CHS分子进化的研究成果,并结合作者近年来对兰科植物CHS基因分子进化的研究结果,对兰科植物CHS基因分子进化和功能趋异的机制展开综述,揭示了植物中普遍存在的CHS基因分子进化以及伴随的功能趋异的现象和机制,初步探讨了CHS基因分子进化与生物进化和自然选择的关系。     

地学空间数据聚类方法研究

本文介绍了地学空间数据迭代聚类的算法原理。根据类别分离度在线性映射变换下的不变性,用Ｋ－Ｌ变换进行地学空间数据的特征提取。在特征空间上两类分布的分离度只依赖于特征值最大和最小的两个特征向量,且其大小依赖于上述两个特征值与某个定值的偏差。据此可设计一个迭代过程,使分类后样本集的特征值都尽可能趋近某个定值,从而达到最佳分类结果。用该算法对乌鲁木齐河流域土壤类型进行了分类研究,取得了较好的效果。     

Divergence of a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa during an outbreak of ovine mastitis

Bacterial infections causing mastitis in sheep can result in severe economic losses for farmers. A large survey of milk samples from ewes with mastitis in Sardinia, Italy, indicated an increasing prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. It has been shown previously that during chronic, biofilm-associated infections P. aeruginosa populations diversify. We report the phenotypic and genomic characterisation of two clonal P. aeruginosa isolates (PSE305 and PSE306) from a mastitis infection outbreak, representing distinct colony morphology variants. In addition to pigment production, PSE305 and PSE306 differed in phenotypic characteristics including biofilm formation, utilisation of various carbon and nitrogen sources, twitching motility. We found higher levels of expression of genes associated with biofilm formation (pelB) and twitching motility (flgD) in PSE305, compared to the biofilm and twitching-defective PSE306. Comparative genomics analysis revealed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and minor insertion/deletion variations between PSE305 and PSE306, including a SNP mutation in the pilP gene of PSE306. By introducing a wild-type pilP gene we were able to partially complement the defective twitching motility of PSE306. There were also three larger regions of difference between the two genomes, indicating genomic instability. Hence, we have demonstrated that P. aeruginosa population divergence can occur during an outbreak of mastitis, leading to significant variations in phenotype and genotype, and resembling the behaviour of P. aeruginosa during chronic biofilm-associated infections.     

The potential drivers in forming avian biodiversity hotspots in the East Himalaya Mountains of Southwest China

Little has been published to describe or interpret Asian biodiversity hotspots, including those in the East Himalayan Mountains of Southwest China (HMSC), thus making necessary a review of the current knowledge. The Pliocene and Pleistocene geological and glacial histories of the Asian continent differ from those of Europe and North America, suggesting different mechanisms of speciation and extinction, and, thus, different responses to climate changes during the Quaternary glaciations. This short review summarizes potential drivers in shaping and maintaining high species richness and endemism of birds in the HMSC. The geographical location at the junction of different biogeographical realms, the wide range of habitats and climates along the extensive elevational range, the complex topography and the distinct geological history of this region have probably contributed to the evolution of an exceptionally species‐rich and endemic‐rich, specialized montane avian fauna. The Mountain systems in the HMSC may have provided refugia where species survived during the glacial periods and barriers for preventing species dispersal after the glacial periods. More studies are required to further test this refugia hypothesis by comparing more cold‐tolerent and warm‐tolerent species.