艺术设计中“图”与“底”的关系

人们关注的中心为“图”,背景的部分为“底”,“图形”与“基底”的关系指一个封闭的式样与另一个和它同质的非封闭的背景之间的关系。图底关系理论在城市建筑设计中大有可为。     

Selecting Bid with Reasonably Low Price Without Bottom Price Based On Sector Estimate

For raveling out the main shortage of tendering which is the reasonable sector is unreasonable of making the bid evaluation uncertain. In order to eliminate subjective factor, this paper quantificationally analyses the price in bidding and establishes the sector selecting bid model based on the sector estimate idea, which tries to provide a new method and academic basic for determining the reasonable sector. Finally, the article gives an example to prove that the model is feasible and effective and it tries to ensure the bidding assessment public, equitable and just.     

基于MDT的双翼翻土防漏耕犁的犁体曲面展开

介绍一种基于MDT的犁壁曲面双样板曲线近似展开法，在MDT平台上直接用直线投影法求样板曲线，并直接将正视图投影到三维犁曲面上求各元线实长，减少了计算工作量，具有快捷方便的优点，该方法已用于双翼翻土防漏耕犁的设计，效果良好。     

基于多元变量的南极磷虾拖网作业状态影响因素分析

拖网作业过程中的网位、网身状态、拖网整体状态是评价拖网性能优劣的重要指标。以南极磷虾拖网为例,通过测量拖网不同部位（上纲、第3~4节网身连接处和网囊口上部中点）深度,以部位间深度差表示拖网作业状态,分析捕捞操作、海洋环境和渔获量对拖网作业状态的影响,确定中层拖网作业过程中状态的变化趋势。结果表明：（1）上纲与第3~4节网身连接处深度差范围为-0.20~8.02 m,上纲与网囊口上部中点深度差范围为6.49~30.16 m;（2）曳纲长度、拖速、风速、150 m水层流速对磷虾拖网上纲深度影响显著（P< 0.05）;上纲深度与曳纲长度和150 m水层流速呈正相关关系,与拖速呈负相关关系,随风速增加,上纲深度先减小后增大;（3）拖速、200 m水层流速和浪高对上纲与第3~4节网身连接处深度差影响极显著（P< 0.05）;上纲与第3~4节网身连接处深度差具有随拖速和200 m水层流速的增加,先增大后减小的趋势;其中拖速2.6 kn和200 m水层流速0.3 kn时,上纲与网囊口上部中点深度差最大,2 m浪高时,深度差最小;（4）渔获量与上纲和网囊口上部中点深度差呈正相关关系;（5）曳纲长度是影响拖网作业状态的最重要因素,其次是拖网速度、风速、浪高和水流速度。     

大网目底拖网在稳定流场中的数值模拟

通过有限单元法构建大网目底拖网渔具的数学模型,以计算在定常流条件下底拖网渔具的受力情况、网口扩张和渔具的形态变化.为了提高计算效率,提出了适用于拖网的网目群化方法.群化后的拖网模型为单元数6513的model-1模型和单元数1787的model-2模型两种规格,分别进行数值计算,并与水槽物理模型试验结果进行比较.结果表...     

海冰与风场对布兰斯菲尔德海峡磷虾渔场作业适宜性的影响

全球变暖越来越受到人们的关注,南极海冰和风场作为气候变化的关键因子,显著影响着渔船作业的安全及经济效率.相较于连续泵吸捕捞渔船,我国普遍采用传统渔船开展南极磷虾捕捞作业,该作业易受到外界环境的影响.本实验针对磷虾捕捞作业的适应性,基于1989—2020年美国国家冰雪中心海冰密集度数据及欧洲中期天气预报中心风场数据,获得...     

Linking spatial pattern of bottom fish assemblages with water masses in the North Sea

Understanding the links between large scale spatial structuring of fish assemblages and shaping factors is essential to develop comprehensive ecosystem-based fisheries management. In this study, we investigated spatial patterns of bottom fish assemblages in the North Sea in relation to prevailing water masses in the region. We based our analysis on catch data from the German Small-Scale Bottom Trawl Survey conducted between 1987 and 2005 and used both ordination techniques and Mantel tests. Spatial variability of bottom fish assemblages was larger than inter-annual variability. Five significantly different bottom fish assemblages were associated with the following prevailing hydrographical regimes: i) the English Channel, ii) Continental Coastal, iii) central North Sea, iv) northern North Sea, and v) northern Atlantic water masses. Associations were generated by gradients in relative proportions of abundant species such as grey gurnard ( Eutrigla gurnardus ), dab ( Limanda limanda ), whiting ( Merlangius merlangus ), haddock ( Melanogrammus aeglefinus ) and Norway pout ( Trisopterus esmarki ). Taking into account large scale spatial structuring of catch data Mantel tests confirmed significant correlation between the fish assemblages and hydrographical variables. In summary, our results strongly support the hypotheses that hydrographical features such as water masses, fronts, and residual currents could shape bottom fish associations in the North Sea. Spatial demarcations of bottom fish assemblages indicated by this study can be used to support ecosystem-based fisheries management strategies.     

调整作业参数对小网目南极磷虾拖网水动力性能的影响

小网目南极磷虾拖网有规格小、操作方便、起放网省时的特点。针对规格为185.4 m×97.5 m(41.8 m)的小网目南极磷虾拖网的水平扩张、浮力、重锤重量、沉力、空纲长度5个作业参数,分别进行3~6次调整试验,测试阻力和网口高度,并比较能耗系数。结果表明:在下纲端部间距分别为16.65、18.75、20.85m 3种水平扩张下,扩大水平扩张可引起网口高度下降,但阻力上升的幅度不大,能耗系数变化不明显;随着浮力的增加,网具阻力、网口高度均呈上升趋势,低拖速下增加浮力对网口高度的提升效果更明显,浮力增加可使网具的能耗系数下降,但在浮力达到19.6 k N后,再增加浮力能耗系数反而有所升高;增加重锤重量和在下中纲处增加沉力对网具阻力的影响效果相近,均呈上升趋势,增加重锤重量对网口高度的提升表现在低拖速时,随着拖速的上升网口高度的提升作用下降;增加沉力可提升网口高度,但在沉力达到14.36 k N后,再增加沉力对网口高度的提升效果不明显,能耗系数反而上升;空纲长度从66 m增加到84 m可明显提高网口高度,而网具阻力上升不明显,能耗系数呈下降趋势。