利用QuantStudioTM 3D数字PCR分析转基因玉米MON863含量

QuantStudioTM 3D数字PCR (QuantStudioTM 3D digital PCR,3D-dPCR)是一种基于超高密度亲疏水微孔芯片实现数字PCR分液原理的新型核酸绝对定量平台,在转基因生物定量领域具有极大的应用前景.本研究基于3D-dPCR平台,以转基因玉米(Zea mays)MON863混合样品为例,建立基于单重和双重数字PCR体系的转基因生物(genetically modified organisms,GMOs)含量分析方法.与传统qRT-PCR比较发现,在缺乏样品纯度、纯合度信息的情况下,数字PCR能够较好地排除这些因素的影响,测定准确的量值.研究结果表明,QuantStudioTM 3D数字PCR是一种适用于转基因生物含量分析的精确定量方法,还可反映转基因玉米种子的基因型.本研究基于3D-dPCR建立的转基因玉米MON863单重和双重定量方法为转基因检测提供了新的方法和参考.     

Exploiting chemical ecology to manage hyperparasitoids in biological control of arthropod pests

Insect hyperparasitoids are fourth trophic level organisms that commonly occur in terrestrial food webs, yet they are relatively understudied. These top‐carnivores can disrupt biological pest control by suppressing the populations of their parasitoid hosts, leading to pest outbreaks, especially in confined environments such as greenhouses where augmentative biological control is used. There is no effective eco‐friendly strategy that can be used to control hyperparasitoids. Recent advances in the chemical ecology of hyperparasitoid foraging behavior have opened opportunities for manipulating these top‐carnivores in such a way that biological pest control becomes more efficient. We propose various infochemical‐based strategies to manage hyperparasitoids. We suggest that a push‐pull strategy could be a promising approach to ‘push’ hyperparasitoids away from their parasitoid hosts and ‘pull’ them into traps. Additionally, we discuss how infochemicals can be used to develop innovative tools improving biological pest control (i) to restrict accessibility of resources (e.g. sugars and alternative hosts) to primary parasitoid only or (ii) to monitor hyperparasitoid presence in the crop for early detection. We also identify important missing information in order to control hyperparasitoids and outline what research is needed to reach this goal. Testing the efficacy of synthetic infochemicals in confined environments is a crucial step towards the implementation of chemical ecology‐based approaches targeting hyperparasitoids. © 2019 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

渤海湾外来浮游植物物种及其入侵途径分析

为了预防外来浮游植物入侵引发的渤海湾赤潮灾害,基于近20年建设项目环境影响评价报告书和相关文献资料的研究成果,收集整理了渤海湾海域已发现的外来浮游植物物种及具体物种信息,分析了物种入侵的主要途径及可能产生的赤潮灾害影响。结果表明：渤海湾海域共发现17种外来浮游植物,其中,甲藻门最多,有10种;硅藻门次之,有5种;金藻门和黄藻门最少,各有1种。研究表明：渤海湾外来浮游植物中,除中华盒形藻外,其余16种均属于赤潮生物,这些物种主要通过压载水引入、传播的方式进入渤海湾海域,应加强港口监控和管理,以防赤潮灾害。     

土壤微塑料和农药污染及其对土壤动物毒性效应的研究进展

微塑料和农药可能会在土壤中长期共存,塑料制品的种类和结构差异导致其对化学污染物有不同的亲和力和吸附行为。因此,微塑料可作为农药的载体,与农药形成复合污染,对生物体产生联合毒性效应,进而对食物链乃至人类产生健康危害。本文归纳了微塑料和农药对土壤环境的影响,阐述微塑料吸附农药的机理与研究现状,分析了微塑料和农药对土壤动物的联合毒性效应,指出当前研究存在的问题并对未来研究方向进行展望,为未来研究微塑料与农药在土壤中的环境行为提供重要参考。     

港口疏浚淤泥悬浮物对2种海洋生物的急性毒性试验研究

从上个世纪开始,人们对于海洋悬浮物就予以了高度重视。悬浮物作为海洋中最普遍的污染,对海洋生物造成了很大危害。本文用海洋疏浚淤泥悬浮物对卤虫无节幼体和梭鱼幼鱼进行了急性毒性试验。结果显示,半致死浓度随着时间的延长而逐渐降低;不同密度的海洋生物半致死浓度相差不大。不同水温条件下的梭鱼幼鱼试验表明,水温为24℃时其半致死浓度比21℃时要低,其安全浓度也呈现相同的趋势。     

运动强度对罗氏沼虾运动行为和能量代谢的影响

为查明运动过程中罗氏沼虾的行为特征及其与肌肉能量代谢的关系,实验设置了对照、低、中、高4种不同强度的游泳和弹跳实验,研究了运动后罗氏沼虾的行为、能量来源和相关代谢酶活性。游泳强度通过在特定时间内设置不同的水流速度来确定,对照、低、中、高强度的水流速度分别为0 (自由运动)、5 (200 min)、10 (200 min)和15 cm/s (游泳至疲劳)。弹跳强度通过在特定时间内设置不同触碰频率来确定,对照、低、中、高强度的触碰频率分别为0 (自由运动)、0.033 (5 min)、0.050 (5 min)和0.067 Hz (弹跳至疲劳)。结果显示,罗氏沼虾各运动组游泳足和尾肢的最大摆动频率和最大摆动幅度均显著高于对照组。各运动强度组肌肉蛋白质含量与对照组之间无显著差异,肌肉糖原含量均显著小于对照组,低强度游泳组肌肉甘油三酯含量小于对照组。中、高强度游泳组游泳足肌肉乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性和乳酸含量显著高于对照组,低强度游泳组游泳足肌肉丙酮酸脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶和脂肪酶活性显著高于对照组。无论弹跳强度高低,罗氏沼虾腹部肌肉LDH酶活性和乳酸含量均显著高于对照组。研究表明,罗氏沼虾通过...     

Recording cerebellar neuron activities in swimming goldfish

ABSTRACT:   Neuronal activities were investigated in the cerebellum of immobilized and swimming goldfish Carassius auratus . Extracellularly recorded neural activities of the cerebellum in immobilized goldfish were characterized and classified into five types. Based on the waveforms and recording depths, these five neural activity types were estimated to originate from three identified classes of cerebellar neurons: Purkinje cells, eurydendroid cells, and granule cells. Chronic recording of cerebellar neuron activities in unrestrained goldfish was performed for more than 100 h. During the chronic recordings, a submersible amplifier attached to the goldfish head, and a multielectrode array developed for the present study were used. Neuronal activities in the cerebellum of free-swimming fish could also be classified into five types as in the immobilized condition. Firing patterns of two neurons identified as Purkinje cells and eurydendroid cells were analyzed during turning movements of the goldfish. The firing patterns of these neurons changed in relation to turning movements. Although some improvements are required, the chronic recording method developed in the present study can be applied to further investigations concerning the direct relationship between brain neural activities and certain behavior.     

杀鲑气单胞菌对大西洋鲑游泳行为和血细胞数量的影响

为探讨利用鱼类行为及血细胞数量变化预警杀鲑气单胞菌(Aeromonas salmonicida)病害发生的可行性,监测了生产中感染杀鲑气单胞菌的大西洋鲑(Salmo salar L.)的游泳行为,以及杀鲑气单胞菌攻毒后大西洋鲑血细胞数量的变化。实验采用同一养殖基地和同一批次的大西洋鲑,其中现场实验鱼选自生产车间健康的和感染杀鲑气单胞菌的养殖鱼,攻毒实验中处理组实验鱼每尾背肌注射100μL、浓度为3.05×107CFU/m L的菌液,对照组注射等体积灭菌生理盐水。现场实验表明,感染杀鲑气单胞菌的大西洋鲑临界游泳速度较健康鱼低26.7%(P0.05),摆尾频率与游泳速度的线性回归方程的斜率也存在显著差异(P0.05)。攻毒实验表明,从攻毒的第4天开始,处理组大西洋鲑白细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞和粒细胞数量较对照组均发生显著变化,其中第6天的变化最为显著,白细胞总数、粒细胞数分别降低了2.8%和43.9%(P0.05),淋巴细胞数及单核细胞数分别升高了63.3%和23.9%(P0.05),且处理组4种血细胞数随时间呈现显著的线性变化(P0.05)。研究结果表明通过监测大西洋鲑游泳行为(临界游泳速度和摆尾频率)以及血细胞相关指标的变化可快速判断其健康状况,为病害的早期预警提供依据。     

杂色鲍养殖环境中致病性弧菌分布调查

从深圳不同的杂色鲍人工养殖场采集并分类环境生物样品。应用TCBS平板分离并作生理生化初步鉴定弧菌,平板涂布法统计水样和各类生物每mL(或每g)所含弧菌总数,并应用基于16S~23SrDNA间区序列设计的4种水产病原弧菌特异性引物进行PCR,定性检测各类环境样品所携带致病性弧菌的分布状况。结果显示,弧菌广泛存在于杂色鲍养殖环境中,且杂色鲍养殖池池水中的弧菌密度大于进水口海水。在养殖环境生物中,不同环境生物中每克生物所携带的弧菌数差别很大,其中盘管虫、海蟑螂、等足类所携带的弧菌数最多,而海鞘携带的弧菌数最少。在常见的4种致病性弧菌的检测结果上,创伤弧菌和溶藻弧菌阳性率均为3.4%。通过研究弧菌在杂色鲍养殖环境中弧菌的分布特征,为杂色鲍养殖中流行性弧菌病的预防提供科学依据。     

水产生物基因组研究进展与趋势

本文综述了水产生物基因组研究相关技术的发展历程和关键技术的应用。以二代测序技术的出现为分界点,首先回顾了早期水产养殖生物在遗传学和分子生物学方面的研究结果,以及为开展全基因组测序所做的相关基础研究,然后重点介绍了二代测序技术应用于水产生物全基因组测序和经济性状遗传基础解析的研究进展,最后展望了水产生物基因组研究发展趋势。水产生物经济性状遗传机制高度复杂,从全基因组角度阐明其遗传机制仍有很多难题,但基因决定性状是生物学法则之一,探索这一过程的奥秘引人入胜。