An evaluation of the pesera soil erosion model and its application to a case study in Zakynthos, Greece

Abstract. The Pan‐European Soil Erosion Risk Assessment (pesera ) model was evaluated using existing soil erosion data collected under various types of climate, vegetation, landscape and soil conditions. The data used represent a variety of typical Mediterranean land uses such as winter wheat, vines, olives and bare, stony land prevailing in hilly areas. Using this data, the model was calibrated for sediment transport by overland flow and results compared to measured soil erosion values from runoff plots and a watershed on a monthly basis. The performance of the model was assessed statistically, showing that it can be satisfactorily used for predicting soil erosion rates under the conditions included in the study. The overall model estimate including all the available experimental data was 0.69 t ha^?1 yr^?1 with a maximum error of 1.49 t ha^?1 yr^?1. After validation, the model was applied to a small watershed (60 ha) of great ecological importance for the sea turtle Caretta caretta. For this purpose, soil and vegetation maps were compiled from all the necessary data for applying the model. The model was run for three years using daily data from an existing nearby meteorological station. The predicted and measured soil erosion rates for a 7‐month period were 0.31 t and 0.18 t, respectively. Application of the model to each mapping unit showed the over‐riding importance of land use for sediment generation under the given climatic conditions. Bare land, occupying 5.5% of the watershed area, generated up to 69% of the total sediments estimated for the watershed. It is concluded that the pesera model can be used as a regional diagnostic tool under a range of soil, topographic and climatic conditions for identifying the best land use type and vegetation cover to protect hilly areas from soil erosion. The calculated overall root mean square error for the model is 0.06 t ha^?1 yr^?1, compared to a soil erosion rate of 0.04 t ha^?1 yr^?1, which can be tolerated for protecting the area for the sea turtle.     

研究森林变化对河川水沙影响的一种便捷方法──以四川省都江堰市白沙河为例

依据航片判读、森林资源调查资料和水文数据，利用流域自身对比法，得出森林变化对河川径流泥沙的定量关系。文中还阐明本方法的技术关键——消除降雨量不同对水沙的影响．该方法具有适合我国国情、费小效宏、精度较高、简捷易行等优点，值得推广提倡。     

暗纹东方鲀不同养殖模式下的微生物群落结构

为探究暗纹东方鲀不同养殖模式下环境及肠道的细菌群落结构特征,实验采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序方法对传统养殖与立体种养2种模式下水体、底泥及暗纹东方鲀肠道细菌的16S rRNA的2个高变区(V3～V4)进行测序分析,利用冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)方法来分析水体菌群与环境因子的...     

The pathogenic helminth parasites of eels

Although 63 and 55 species of helminths have been reported from each species of Atlantic eel and from 29 to 19 for each species of Pacific eel only the monogeneans Pseudodactylogyrus bini and P. anguillae and the nematode Anguillicola crassus, originally specific to species of Pacific eels, can be considered serious pathogens. None of the three are normally pathogenic to their preferred natural eel host species in the wild. Pseudodactylogyrus spp. only cause serious local gill damage when present on a host in large numbers under optimal conditions that facilitate transmission. This is the case in eel aquaculture, where infections can be controlled by drugs. Anguillicola crassus is only pathogenic to Anguilla anguilla and A. rostrata when Atlantic eels are introduced to the far east or when the parasites have been introduced to Europe. Here the parasite life cycle differs in that A. crassus can infect a wide range of intermediate hosts, employ paratenic hosts and survive as larvae for months in the swimbladder wall. This makes it an excellent colonizer. Its major pathogenic effects on eels result from haemorrhaging in, and thickening of, the swimbladder wall. It reduces the oxygen concentration in the swimbladder, reducing its ability to function as a hydrostatic organ, and increases the stress response of eels. In shallow lakes at warm temperatures this can result in mass mortalities. It is also feared that the parasite affects the ability of eels to migrate to the Sargasso Sea and so contributes to the decline in eel populations. Control by drug treatment is possible in culture, but not in the wild.     

海湾泥碱渣和粉煤灰作为园林种植基质的氮素生理类群及生化作用研究

海湾泥、碱渣和粉煤灰是天津滨海地区大量存在的固体废弃物,通过前期室内配比筛选、盆栽试验、田间试验表明其混合基质可以用于园林绿化,并在防护林建设中获得成功.以滨海盐土、客土绿地为对照,对通过脱盐、培肥、种植毛白杨、刺槐、洋白蜡、金银木、紫花苜蓿等园林植物后基质的氨化细菌、好气性自身固氮菌、硝化细菌、反硝化细菌、纤维素分解菌等土壤氮素生理类群的数量进行了研究,同时对呼吸作用、氨化作用强度以及二者与土壤微生物数量、理化性质进行了相关性分析.结果表明,基质的氮素生理类群数量高于或与客土绿地相当,明显高于滨海盐土.呼吸作用高于客土绿地和滨海盐土,氨化作用强度与客土绿地相当,说明混合基质的氮素转化、有机物质的矿化能力以及基质整体的代谢水平好于客土绿地.土壤呼吸作用强度与土壤盐分呈极显著负相关,与细菌数量呈显著正相关.氨化作用强度与全氮、全磷、有机质含量、细菌和真菌数量呈极显著正相关,与放线菌呈显著正相关,与速效钾、盐分呈显著负相关.     

地表糙度对径流和产沙影响的室内试验研究

该文通过室内人工模拟降雨的方法,分析了连续降雨过程条件下,不同糙度地表的径流量和产沙量的变化。研究结果表明：人工锄耕的地表,延缓径流的作用较为明显,但这一作用仅发生在降雨初期;随着降雨的进行,不同糙度地表的径流变化规律基本一致,先增加,随后趋于稳定的趋势,但径流总量没有明显变化。同样,人工锄耕的地表,延缓地表的产沙作用强于糙度小的地表,产沙率15°坡面要高于5°坡面,随着降雨的进行,在雨强1.0 mm/min条件下,这一变化更为明显,最终产沙总量变化不大。地表糙度对侵蚀的影响,不仅与降雨持续时间相关,同时与坡度密切相关,并初步证实黄土区地表糙度对侵蚀的影响存在着一定的临界条件。这为揭示地表糙度的本质特征提供了一定的理论依据,同时也可服务于黄土高原坡耕地水土流失的治理和退耕还林(草)工程的实施。     

辽宁省近岸海洋环境质量状况与趋势评价

根据2004—2006年辽宁省近岸海域的生物和沉积物质量监测,对该区域的环境质量状况和趋势作出分析和评价。结果表明,辽宁省近岸海域环境质量呈逐年恶化的态势,尤其是重金属Pb和Cd残留量超标较严重,2006年生物体重金属Pb、As和沉积物As残留量超标率接近100%。     

瓦埠湖沉积物氮的赋存特征以及环境因子对NH4+-N释放的影响

采用现场采样和室内测试的方法,研究了瓦埠湖沉积物各层的TN、NH4^＋-N、NO3^--N的赋存特征。结果发现,TN上层比底层低,随着沉积深度的增加,硝化作用相对减弱,NO3^-N随着沉积深度的增加而减少,NH4^＋-N的含量随着沉积深度的增加而增加。pH〈9时,pH对NH4^＋-N释放的影响规律不是很明显,pH〉9时,NH4^＋-N释放随着pH的增加而增加。随着温度的升高,NH4^＋-N的释放量增大。好氧、厌氧条件下,NH4^＋-N都有释放,且在好氧条件下NH4^＋-N呈低释放状态,厌氧状态下NH4^＋-N呈高释放状态。     

黑土坡耕地土壤流失形态分析——以一次降雨为例

以东北黑土区典型漫岗坡耕地为研究对象,测定次降雨条件下整个集水盆地出口处的径流体积及其含沙量,研究侵蚀泥沙的粒径分布特征、碳氮富集度以及可溶性养分的流失状况。结果表明,研究区只有在强降雨的情况下才会在集水盆地尺度上发生水土流失现象。20.5 mm降雨条件下(2006年8月1日)径流泥沙含量为1.0～2.5 g/L,泥沙C、N富集系数分别为2.10和3.31。径流液中DOC的浓度介于2.47～3.93 mg/L之间,TN浓度介于1.61～3.28 mg/L之间,径流携带养分量在整个养分流失过程中是不可忽视的流失途径。侵蚀泥沙(未加分散剂)的团聚体组成和原土壤有很大差异,径流泥沙的流失主要是粒径为0.053 mm以下的团聚体,尤其是0.002～0.02 mm的粉粒团聚体为主。